1. 英汉翻译（一）：教学大纲
Chapter Morphology
2017年4月17日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲

2. outline 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Morpheme 3.2.1 Free morpheme
3.2.2 Bound morpheme
3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
3.4 Types of Word Formation
3.4.1 Compounding
3.4.2 Derivation
3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion, Backformation, Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism)
2017年4月17日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲

3. 3.1 Introduction Definition of morphology
Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure, forms and classes of words.
un -+-ly → unfriendly;unhappily; unkindly; unlonely
-fy → purify; simplify; falsify; amplify
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4. 3.2 Morpheme It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.
tourists: tour; -ist; -s
talks; talker; talked; talking
Types of morpheme: free morpheme and bound morpheme
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5. 3.2.1 Free morpheme
Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. friend, happy, kind, simple, false, tour, talk, etc.
Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk, internationalism, work/shop, black/bird
Stem: the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme: friends, friendships
2017年4月17日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲

6. Stem
A stem may be:
a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme, in which case the root and the stem are the same: work, talk
a root plus a derivational affix: workers
two or more roots: work\shops
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河南大学外语学院 姜玲

7. Lexical (open) morphemes vs Functional (close) morphemes
Lexical (open) morphemes are the set of ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we convey. Since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily, they are called an open class of words: book, desk, house, love, look, long, happy
Functional (close) morphemes consist of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns. As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are called a closed class of words: and, but, because, if, when, on, above, in, it, the, that
2017年4月17日星期一
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8. 3.2.2 Bound morpheme
Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. They are actually affixes, including prefixes and suffixes: -ly, un-, -ist, -s, -er, -ed, -ing. In some languages, there are also infixes.
Prefixes are joined to the beginning of the root or stem. They can change the meaning or function of the word. Impossible, unbelievable, enrich
Suffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem. They can also change the meaning or function of the word. hopeless, kindness
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河南大学外语学院 姜玲

9. Derivational morphemes vs Inflectional morphemes
Derivational morphemes are OFTEN used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem. –ness, -less, -ful, -ly; re-, pre-, dis-, co-, im-, un-
Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.
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10. Inflectional morphemes in English
English has only eight inflectional morphemes:
-’s: possessive
-s: plural
-s: 3rd person present singular
-ing: present participle
-ed: past tense and past participle
-en: past participle
-er: comparative
-est: superlative
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河南大学外语学院 姜玲

11. Differences between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme
Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of a word, creating an entirely new word. Inflectional morphemes never alter the grammatical category of a word.
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河南大学外语学院 姜玲

12. Summary Lexical morpheme Free morpheme Functional morpheme morpheme
Derivational morpheme
Bound morpheme
Inflectional morpheme
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河南大学外语学院 姜玲

13. 3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
Morphs: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. They are the phonological (spoken) or orthographic (written) forms which realize morphemes. They are minimal carriers of meaning.
Allomorph: a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.
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河南大学外语学院 姜玲

14. Allomorph Allomorphs are in complementary distribution.
{-s} (plurality)
[-z]: meanings
[-s]: maps
[-iz]: watches
[-ai-]: mice
[-i:-]: feet
[0]: deer
{-ed} past tense
[-t]: talked
[-d]: stayed
[-id]: created
( phonological)
-d: changed
-ed : worked
(orthographic)
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15. 3.4 Types of Word Formation
Word formation or word building is the creation of new words, which is useful to us because it can enrich our vocabulary by learning some major ways. The most important ways are compounding and derivation.
2017年4月17日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲

16. 3.4.1 Compounding
Definition: putting two words together. The first element receives the main stress, and the second one determines the new word’s class.
typewriter, workshop, tractor-driver, blackboard
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河南大学外语学院 姜玲

17. Types of compound words
a. noun compounds
noun + noun: armchair, rainbow
verb + noun: pickpocket, washcloth
adjective + noun: bluebird, highchair
b. verb compounds
noun + verb: vacuum-clean, manhandle
verb + verb: sleepwalk
adjective + verb: dry-clean
c. adjective compounds
noun + adjective: color-blind, snow-white
verb + adjective: stir-crazy
adjective + adjective: dark-blue, pale-yellow
2017年4月17日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲

18. 3.4.2 Derivation
Definition: adding affixes to other words or morphemes
free morpheme + bound morpheme: unhappy; misunderstand; careful; careless
Affixes can be described by function or meaning: childhood; childlike; childless; childish
The derivational process may alter the grammatical or morphological form: anti-terrorist; computation; placement; colorful
2017年4月17日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲

19. Computer words -ware: software, hardware, shareware, freeware
cyber-/e-: cyberspace, cyberchat, e-commerce, e-cash
techno-: technobabble, technostress, technophobia
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20. Conversion: zero derivation
He’s papering the bedroom walls.
n→v: elbow; milk; skin; hammer; nurse;
v→n: doubt; attempt; must, guess, spy
adj→v: dry; free; better; down, dirty, empty
adj→n: native; short, crazy, nasty
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21. Backformation Definition: remove the suffix to get a new word
edit; opt; enthuse; typewrite
Télévision (French)→ televise
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22. Clipping Definition: abbreviation of longer words
fridge; bike; ad; copter; bus; gym; telecom; flu, prof, phone, gas, plane, sitcom
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23. Blending
Definition: combining two separate forms, taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word
brunch: breakfast + lunch
motel: motor + hotel;
smog: smoke + fog
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河南大学外语学院 姜玲

24. Acronym
Definition: forming words from the first letters of a series of words, which are pronounced as single words.
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
UNESCO: United Nations Education, Social and Cultural Organization
AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome
laser: light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation
2017年4月17日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲

25. Initialism
Definition: forming words from the first letters of a series of words, which are pronounced by saying each letter.
CD: compact disk
VIP: very important person
WTO: World Trade Organization
CPU: central processing unit
ID: identification card
2017年4月17日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲

26. Summary 3.1 Definition 3.2 Morpheme
3.2.1 Free morpheme (lexical vs functional)
3.2.2 Bound morpheme (derivational vs
inflectional)
3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
3.4 Types of Word Formation
3.4.1 Compounding
3.4.2 Derivation
3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion, Backformation, Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism)
2017年4月17日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲

27. Exercise 1. Define the following terms.
morphology, morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, morph, allomorph, derivation, clipping, acronym, initialism, blending, root, stem, prefix, suffix
2. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.
A. discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability
B. inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’
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河南大学外语学院 姜玲

28. Thank you very much. Good bye!
2017年4月17日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲