1. 1 Principals of General Zoology (Zoo-103) Zoology Department, 1431-1432H

2. Nutrition 2-التغذية Nutrition (nourishment) is the need of cells and organisms of the materials (in the form of food) necessary for life.Nutrition (nourishment) is the need of cells and organisms of the materials (in the form of food) necessary for life.cells organismslifecells organismslife Nutriton is a process of intake of nutrients المواد الغذائية (like carbohydrates, fats, proteins,vitamins, minerals and water) by the organism and the utilisation of these nutrients by the organism.Nutriton is a process of intake of nutrients المواد الغذائية (like carbohydrates, fats, proteins,vitamins, minerals and water) by the organism and the utilisation of these nutrients by the organism.nutrients The diet الوجبة of an organism is what it eats.The diet الوجبة of an organism is what it eats. A poor diet can have a negative impact on health, causing deficiency diseases such as scurvy الإسقربوط, beriberi, health-threatening conditions like metabolic syndrome مشاكل أيضية.A poor diet can have a negative impact on health, causing deficiency diseases such as scurvy الإسقربوط, beriberi, health-threatening conditions like metabolic syndrome مشاكل أيضية.scurvy beriberimetabolic syndromescurvy beriberimetabolic syndrome

3. Nutrients المواد الغذائية There are seven major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, fiber, minerals, protein, vitamin, and water.There are seven major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, fiber, minerals, protein, vitamin, and water. carbohydratesfatsfibermineralsproteinvitaminwater carbohydratesfatsfibermineralsproteinvitaminwater They are classified into two kategories:They are classified into two kategories: I)- Macronutrients مغذيات كبيرة: needed in relatively large amounts. They are carbohydrates, fats, fibers ألياف, proteins, and water. I)- Macronutrients مغذيات كبيرة: needed in relatively large amounts. They are carbohydrates, fats, fibers ألياف, proteins, and water.Macronutrients II)- Micronutrients مغذيات صغيرة: needed in smaller quantities. They are minerals الأملاح المعدنية and vitamins. II)- Micronutrients مغذيات صغيرة: needed in smaller quantities. They are minerals الأملاح المعدنية and vitamins.icronutrients

4. The macronutrients (but not fibers and water) provide structural material مواد بنائية for example (amino acids from which proteins are built) and (lipids from which cell membrane is built).The macronutrients (but not fibers and water) provide structural material مواد بنائية for example (amino acids from which proteins are built) and (lipids from which cell membrane is built). Some of the structural materials can be used to generate energy internally لتوليد الطاقة داخليا, and measured in kilocalories كيلو كالوري (often called "Calories").Some of the structural materials can be used to generate energy internally لتوليد الطاقة داخليا, and measured in kilocalories كيلو كالوري (often called "Calories"). I- Carbohydrates and proteins provide 4 kcal of energy per gram. I- Carbohydrates and proteins provide 4 kcal of energy per gram. II- while fats provide 9 kcal per gram. II- while fats provide 9 kcal per gram. Vitamins, minerals, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons.Vitamins, minerals, and water do not provide energy, but are required for other reasons. Fibers (i.e., non-digestible materials such as cellulose), seems to be required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons.Fibers (i.e., non-digestible materials such as cellulose), seems to be required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons. Nutrients المواد الغذائية

5. Fats are triglycerides, made of fatty acid monomers bound to glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body.Fats are triglycerides, made of fatty acid monomers bound to glycerol backbone. Some fatty acids, but not all, are essential in the diet: they cannot be synthesized in the body. Protein molecules contain amino acids, some of which are essential (the body can not make them internally). Some of the amino acids are convertible to glucose and can be used for energy production just as ordinary glucose during prolonged starvation.Protein molecules contain amino acids, some of which are essential (the body can not make them internally). Some of the amino acids are convertible to glucose and can be used for energy production just as ordinary glucose during prolonged starvation. Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances such as toxins or various sorts.Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes, together with other substances such as toxins or various sorts. Some nutrients can be stored internally (eg, some vitamins), while others are required more or less continuously.Some nutrients can be stored internally (eg, some vitamins), while others are required more or less continuously. Poor health results from a lack of required nutrients or, too much of a required nutrient. For example, both salt and water (both are required) but cause illness (or even death) in too large amounts.Poor health results from a lack of required nutrients or, too much of a required nutrient. For example, both salt and water (both are required) but cause illness (or even death) in too large amounts. Nutrients المواد الغذائية