1. Table 1. Software Hierarchy Levels.

2. Essential Tools An assembler is a program that converts source-code programs into a machine language (object file). A linker joins together two or more object files and produces a single executable file. A debugger loads an executable program, displays the source code, and lets the programmer step through the program one instruction at a time, and display and modify memory.

3. Figure 1. Machine Language Generation by ASM and HLL programs.

4. Table 2. Comparison of Assembly Language to HLLs.

5. Figure 2. Assembly Language Subroutines Used as Hardware Interfaces.

6. Machine Language Consists of binary numbers The "native" language of the computer Each ML instruction contains an op code (operation code) and zero or more operands. Examples: OpcodeOperandMeaning ------------------------------------------------- 40increment the AX register 050005add 0005 to AX

7. Page 7: Bits, Bytes, and Doublewords: Each 1 or 0 is called a bit.

8. Table 3. Storage Sizes and Ranges of Unsigned Integers.

9. Table 4. Digits in Various Number Systems.

10. Page 9. ASCII Digit String.

11. Table 5. Binary Bit Position Values.

12. Figure 3. Converting Binary to Decimal.