1. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM Blue Gene / L A. Nataraj, A. Malony, A. Morris, S. Shende {anataraj,malony,sameer,amorris}@cs.uoregon.edu Performance Research Lab University of Oregon

2. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L1EuroPar 2006 Outline Motivations Objectives ZeptoOS project KTAU Architecture KTAU on Blue Gene / L Experiments and experience KTAU improvements Future work Acknowledgements

3. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L2EuroPar 2006 Motivation Application performance is a consequence of  User-level execution  OS-level operation Good tools exist for observing user-level performance  User-level events  Communication events  Execution time measures  Hardware performance Fewer tools exist to observe OS-level aspects Ideally would like to do both simultaneously  OS-level influences on application performance

4. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L3EuroPar 2006 Scale and Performance Sensitivity HPC systems continue to scale to larger processor counts  Application performance more performance sensitive  OS factors can lead to performance bottlenecks [Petrini’03, Jones’03, …]  System/application performance effects are complex  Isolating system-level factors is non-trivial Require comprehensive performance understanding  Observation of all performance factors  Relative contributions and interrelationship  Can we correlate OS and application performance?

5. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L4EuroPar 2006 Phase Performance Effects Waiting time due to OS Overhead accumulates

6. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L5EuroPar 2006 Program - OS Interactions Program OS Interactions  Direct applications invoke the OS for certain services syscalls and internal OS routines called from syscalls  Indirect OS operations without explicit invocation by application preemptive scheduling (other processes) (HW) interrupt handling OS-background activity  keeping track of time and timers, bottom-half handling, … can occur at any OS entry

7. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L6EuroPar 2006 Program - OS Interactions (continued) Direct interactions easier to handle  Synchronous with user-code  In process-context Indirect interactions more difficult  Usually asynchronous  Usually in interrupt-context  Harder to measure where are the boundaries?  Harder to correlate and integrate with application measurements

8. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L7EuroPar 2006 Performance Perspectives Kernel-wide  Aggregate kernel activity of all active processes  Understand overall OS behavior  Identify and remove kernel hot spots  Cannot show application-specific OS actions Process-centric  OS performance in specific application context  Virtualization and mapping performance to process  Programs, daemons, and system services interactions  Expose sources of performance problems  Tune OS for specific workload and application for OS

9. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L8EuroPar 2006 Existing Approaches User-space only measurement tools  Many tools only work at user-level  Cannot observe system-level performance influences Kernel-level only measurement tools  Most only provide the kernel-wide perspective lack proper mapping/virtualization  Some provide process-centric views cannot integrate OS and user-level measurements

10. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L9EuroPar 2006 Existing Approaches (continued) Combined or integrated user/kernel measurement tools  A few tools allow fine-grained measurement  Can correlate kernel and user-level performance  Typically focus only on direct OS interactions  Indirect interactions not normally merged  Do not explicitly recognize parallel workloads MPI ranks, OpenMP threads, … Need an integrated approach to parallel performance observation and analyses that support both perspectives

11. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L10EuroPar 2006 High-Level Objectives Support low-overhead OS performance measurement at multiple levels of function and detail Provide both kernel-wide and process-centric perspectives of OS performance Merge user-level and kernel-level performance information across all program-OS interactions Provide online information and the ability to function without a daemon where possible Support both profiling and tracing for kernel-wide and process- centric views in parallel systems Leverage existing parallel performance analysis tools Support for observing, collecting and analyzing parallel data

12. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L11EuroPar 2006 ZeptoOS DOE OS/RTS for Extreme Scale Scientific Computation  Effective OS/Runtime for petascale systems  Funded ZeptoOS project Argonne National Lab and University of Oregon What are the fundamental limits and advanced designs required for petascale Operating System Suites?  Behaviour at large scales  Management and optimization of OS suites  Collective operations  Fault tolerance  OS performance analysis

13. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L12EuroPar 2006 ZeptoOS and TAU/KTAU Lots of fine-grained OS measurement is required for each component of the ZeptoOS work How and why do the various OS source and configuration changes affect parallel applications? How do we correlate performance data between  OS components  Parallel application and OS Solution: TAU/KTAU  An integrated methodology and framework to measure performance of applications and OS kernel

14. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L13EuroPar 2006 ZeptoOS Strategy “Small Linux on big computers”  IBM BG/L and other systems (e.g., Cray XT3) Argonne  Modified Linux on BG/L I/O nodes (ION)  Modified Linux for BG/L compute nodes (TBD)  Specialized I/O daemon on I/O node (ZOID) (TBD) Oregon  KTAU integration of TAU infrastructure in Linux Kernel integration with ZeptoOS and installation on BG/L ION port to other 32-bit and 64-bit Linux platforms

15. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L14EuroPar 2006 KTAU Architecture

16. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L15EuroPar 2006 KTAU On BG/L’s ZeptoOS I/O Node  Open source modified Linux Kernel (2.4, 2.6)  Control I/O Daemon (CIOD) handles I/O syscalls from compute nodes in process set Compute Node  IBM proprietary (closed-source) light-weight kernel  No scheduling or virtual memory support  Forwards I/O syscalls to CIOD on I/O node KTAU on I/O Node  Integrated into ZeptoOS configuration and build system  Require KTAU-D (daemon) (CIOD is closed-source)  KTAU-D periodically monitors KTAU measurements system-wide or individual process

17. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L16EuroPar 2006 KTAU On BG/L (current version)

18. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L17EuroPar 2006 Early Experiences on BG/L Validate and verify KTAU system  Show kernel-wide and process-specific perspectives  Run benchmark experiments Argonne iotest benchmark  MPI-based benchmark (open/write/read/close)  aggregate bandwidth numbers  varying block-sizes, number of nodes, and iterations  observe functional and performance behavior Apply KTAU to ZeptoOS problems  Accurate identification of “noise” sources Argonne Selfish benchmark  identify “detours” (noise events) in user-space

19. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L18EuroPar 2006 Experiment Setup (Parameters) KTAU:  Enable all instrumentation points  Number of kernel trace entries per proces = 10K KTAU-D:  System-wide tracing  Accessing trace every 1 second and dump trace output to a file in user’s home directory through NFS IOTEST:  Running with default parameters (blocksize = 16MB)

20. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L19EuroPar 2006 CIOD Kernel Profile on I/O Nodes All instrumentation points enabled except schedule() Numbers shown are function call counts (profile data) Compute node running “hello world” sample job Visualize using TAU’s ParaProf

21. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L20EuroPar 2006 CIOD Kernel Trace (iotest) 8 compute nodes zoomed view

22. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L21EuroPar 2006 sys_read / sys_write KTAU Trace of CIOD running 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 nodes As the number of compute node increase, CIOD has to handle larger amount of sys_call being forwarded. 1,769 sys_write 3,142 sys_write 5,838 sys_write 10,980 sys_write 37,985 sys_write

23. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L22EuroPar 2006 Correlated CIOD Activity with RPCIOD Switching from CIOD to RPCIOD during a “sys_write” call RPCIOD performs “socket_send” for NFS read/write and IRQ RPCIOD CIOD

24. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L23EuroPar 2006 Recent Work on ZeptoOS Project Accurate Identification of “noise” sources  Modified Linux on BG/L should be efficient  Effect of OS “noise” on synchronization / collectives  What OS aspects induce what types of interference code paths configurations devices attached  Requires user-level and OS measurement If can identify noise sources, then can remove or alleviate interference

25. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L24EuroPar 2006 Approach ANL Selfish benchmark to identify “detours”  Noise events in user-space  Shows durations and frequencies of events  Does NOT show cause or source  Runs a tight loop with an expected (ideal) duration logs times and duration of detours Use KTAU OS-tracing to record OS activity  Correlate time of occurrence uses same time source as Selfish benchmark  Infer type of OS-activity (if any) causing the “detour”

26. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L25EuroPar 2006 OS/User Performance View of Scheduling preemptive scheduling

27. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L26EuroPar 2006 OS/User View of OS Background Activity

28. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L27EuroPar 2006 OS/User View of OS Background Activity

29. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L28EuroPar 2006 Replace with: ZOID + TAU Replace with: Linux + KTAU KTAU On BG/L (future version)

30. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L29EuroPar 2006 Future Work Dynamic measurement control Improve performance data sources Improve integration with TAU’s user-space capabilities  Better correlation of user and kernel performance  Full callpaths and phase-based profiling  Merged user/kernel traces (already available) Integration of TAU and KTAU with Supermon Porting efforts to IA-64, PPC-64, and AMD Opteron ZeptoOS characterization efforts  BGL I/O node  Dynamically adaptive kernels

31. Early Experiences with KTAU on the IBM BG/L30EuroPar 2006 Acknowledgements Department of Energy’s Office of Science National Science Foundation University of Oregon (UO) Core Team  Aroon Nataraj, PhD Student  Prof. Allen D Malony  Dr. Sameer Shende, Senior Scientist  Alan Morris, Senior Software Engineer  Suravee Suthikulpanit, MS Student (Graduated) Argonne National Lab (ANL) Contributors  Pete Beckman  Kamil Iskra  Kazutomo Yoshii