1. Fire Safety I INSY 3020/7970/7976/ENH 670 Occupational Safety & Ergonomics

2. 2 Outline Introduction to Fire Safety Exit Routes Fire Protection Emergency Action Plan Fire Prevention Plan OSHA Subpart E & L Evacuation Modeling

3. 3 Introduction to Fire Safety Statistics & Findings 10 deadliest public assembly fires in U.S. history Fire and its Chemistry NFPA 704 Diamond

4. 4 Statistics According to the U.S. Fire Administration, an average of 4,266 Americans lost their lives between 1992 and 2001 and another 24,913 were injured annually as the result of 1.9 million reported fires yearly.

5. 5 Findings Risk by age: Children under the age of 5 and the population over the age of 54 are at the highest risk of death in fires. The risk of fire injury is greatest (over 1.0) in the 20–44 and the 85+ age ranges. Risk by gender: Men are 1.6 times more likely to die in a fire than women. Risk by region: The risk of dying in a fire in the South is higher than other areas of the United States. Source: U.S. Fire Administration/National Fire Data Center, Fire Risk-Topical Fire Research Series, Volume 4 – Issue 7, December 2004.

6. 6 10 deadliest public assembly fires in U.S. history Iroquois Theater, Chicago, IL, December 30, 1903, 602 killed. Iroquois Theater Cocoanut Grove nightclub, Boston, MA, November 28, 1942, 492 killed. Cocoanut Grove nightclub Conway’s Theater, Brooklyn, NY, December 5, 1876, 285 killed. Rhythm Club dance hall, Natchez, MS, April 23, 1940, 207 killed. Rhythm Club dance hall Rhodes Opera House, Boyertown, PA, January 12, 1908, 170 killed. Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey circus tent, Hartford, CT, July 6, 1944, 168 killed. Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey circus tent Beverly Hills Supper Club, Southgate, KY, May 28, 1977, 165 killed. Beverly Hills Supper Club Richmond Theater, Richmond, VA, December 26, 1811, 160 killed (including the governor and a former US Senator from the state) The Station nightclub, West Warwick, RI, February 20, 2003, 100 killed. The Station nightclub Happy Land Social club, Bronx, NY, March 25, 1990, 87 killed. Happy Land Social club Source: NFPA files on major fire incidents. February 2003

7. 7 Fire Fire: a chemical chain reaction in which a combustible material is rapidly oxidized and heat is produced. In less than 30 seconds a small flame can get completely out of control and turn into a major fire.

8. 8 Fire A fire's heat alone can kill. Room temperatures in a fire can be 100 degrees at floor level and rise to 600 degrees at eye level. Inhaling this super hot air will scorch your lungs. This heat can melt clothes to your skin. In five minutes a room can get so hot that everything in it ignites at once: this is called flashover.

9. 9 Fire Chemistry The Fire Tetrahedron. The Fire Tetrahedron. The removal of any one element extinguishes the fire. The removal of any one element extinguishes the fire. OXYGEN FUEL HEAT CHEMICAL CHAIN REACTION

10. 10 HEALTH HAZARD FIRE HAZARD REACTIVITY SPECIFIC HAZARD NFPA 704 Diamond:

11. 11 Health Hazard: 4 = Deadly 4 = Deadly 3 = Extreme Danger 3 = Extreme Danger 2 = Hazardous 2 = Hazardous 1 = Slightly Hazardous 1 = Slightly Hazardous 0 = Normal Material 0 = Normal Material

12. 12 Flash Point Flash Points: Flash Points: the temperature at which a liquid produces sufficient vapors that, if a heat source is presented, they will ignite momentarily. 4 = Below 73° F 4 = Below 73° F 3 = Below 100 ° F 3 = Below 100 ° F 2 = Below 200 ° F 2 = Below 200 ° F 1 = Above 200 ° F 1 = Above 200 ° F 0 = Will Not Burn 0 = Will Not Burn

13. 13 Reactivity 4 =May Detonate 4 =May Detonate 3 = Shock and Heat may Detonate 3 = Shock and Heat may Detonate 2 = Violent Chemical Change 2 = Violent Chemical Change 1 = Unstable if Heated 1 = Unstable if Heated 0 = Stable 0 = Stable

14. 14 Specific Hazard OXY= Oxidizer OXY= Oxidizer ACID= Acid ACID= Acid ALK= Alkali ALK= Alkali COR= Corrosive COR= Corrosive W= Water Reactive W= Water Reactive = Radiation Hazard

15. 15 Exit Routes What is an exit route? How many exit routes must a workplace have? What are some other design and construction requirements for exits? What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and operational features for exit routes? Source: OSHA FACT Sheet, 2003

16. 16 What is an exit route? An exit route is a continuous and unobstructed path of exit travel from any point within a workplace to a place of safety. An exit route consists of three parts: ■ Exit access – ■ Exit – ■ Exit discharge –

17. 17 Exit access portion of an exit route that leads to an exit. Life Safety Code ® Handbook, 2003

18. 18 Exit Portion of an exit route that is generally separated from other areas to provide a protected way of travel to the exit discharge. Life Safety Code ® Handbook, 2003

19. 19 Exit Discharge Part of the exit route that lead directly outside or to a street, walkway, refuge area, public way, or open space with access to the outside. Life Safety Code ® Handbook, 2003

20. 20 How many exit routes must a workplace have? a workplace must have at least two exit routes to permit prompt evacuation of employees and other building occupants during an emergency. Exit routes must be located as far away as practical from each other in case one is blocked by fire or smoke.

21. 21 How many exit routes must a workplace have? More than two exits the number of employees, or The size of the building, or The arrangement of the workplace

22. 22 Other design and construction requirements for exits. Exits must be separated by fire resistant materials—that is, one-hour fire- resistance rating if the exit connects three or fewer stories and two-hour fire- resistance rating if the exit connects more than three floors.

23. 23 Other design and construction requirements for exits. Life Safety Code ® Handbook, 2003

24. 24 Other design and construction requirements for exits. Exits are permitted to have only those openings necessary to allow access to the exit from occupied areas of the workplace or to the exit discharge. Openings must be protected by a self- closing, approved fire door that remains closed or automatically closes in an emergency.

25. 25 Other design and construction requirements for exits. Life Safety Code ® Handbook, 2003

26. 26 What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and operational features for exit routes? OSHA standards require employers to do the following: Keep exit routes free of explosive or highly flammable furnishings and other decorations. Arrange exit routes so employees will not have to travel toward a high-hazard area unless the path of travel is effectively shielded from the high-hazard area. Ensure that exit routes are unobstructed such as by materials, equipment, locked doors, or dead-end corridors. Ensure that safeguards designed to protect employees during an emergency remain in good working order.

27. 27 What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and operational features for exit routes?

28. 28 What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and operational features for exits?

29. 29 What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and operational features for exits? Do Not Open This Door Unless Manager Or Floor Supervisor Is Present.

30. 30 What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and operational features for exit routes? Provide lighting for exit routes adequate for employees with normal vision. Keep exit route doors free of decorations or signs that obscure the visibility of exit route doors. Post signs along the exit access indicating the direction of travel to the nearest exit and exit discharge if that direction is not immediately apparent. Also, the line-of-sight to an exit sign must be clearly visible at all times. Mark doors or passages along an exit access that could be mistaken for an exit “Not an Exit” or with a sign identifying its use (such as “Closet”).

31. 31 What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and operational features for exits?

32. 32 What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and operational features for exits?

33. 33 What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and operational features for exit routes? Install “EXIT” signs in plainly legible letters. Renew fire-retardant paints or solutions often enough to maintain their fire-retardant properties. Maintain exit routes during construction, repairs, or alterations. Provide an emergency alarm system to alert employees, unless employees can promptly see or smell a fire or other hazard in time to provide adequate warning to them.

34. 34 What are some maintenance, safeguarding, and operational features for exits?

35. 35 Fire Protection (FP) Fire protection is the science and engineering principles to protect people and their environment from destructive fire. FP includes: analysis of fire hazards; mitigation of fire damage by proper design, construction, arrangement, and use of buildings, materials, structures, industrial processes, and transportation systems; the design, installation and maintenance of fire detection and suppression and communication systems; and post/fire investigation and analysis.

36. 36 Fire Protection Engineer A fire protection engineer (FPE) by education, training, and experience: (1) is familiar with the nature and characteristics of fire and the associated products of combustion; (2) understands how fires originate, spread within and outside of buildings/structures, and can be detected, controlled, and/or extinguished; and (3) is able to anticipate the behavior of materials, structures, machines, apparatus, and processes as related to the protection of life and property from fire.

37. 37 Emergency Action Plan (EAP) An emergency action plan (EAP) is a written document required by particular OSHA standards. The purpose of an EAP is to facilitate and organize employer and employee actions during workplace emergencies.

38. 38 Are employers required to have emergency action plans? If you have 10 or fewer employees, you may communicate your plan orally. If you have more than 10 employees, however, your plan must be written, kept in the workplace, and available for employee review. Here are the OSHA standards that require EAP’s: ■ Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals- 1910.119 ■ Fixed Extinguishing Systems, General - 1910.160 ■ Fire Detection Systems, 1910.164 ■ Grain Handling - 1910.272 ■ Ethylene Oxide - 1910.1047 ■ Methylenedianiline - 1910.1050 ■ 1,3-Butadiene - 1910.1051

39. 39 What are the minimum elements of an emergency action plan? Procedures for reporting fires and other emergencies. Procedures for emergency evacuation, including the type of evacuation and exit route assignments. Procedures for employees who stay behind to continue critical plant operations. Procedures to account for all employees after evacuation. Procedures for employees performing rescue or medical duties. Name or job title of employees to contact for detailed plan information. Alarm system to alert workers.

40. 40 Review the EAP You must also review the emergency action plan with each employee covered when the following occur: Plan is developed or an employee is assigned initially to a job. Employee’s responsibilities under the plan change. Plan is changed.

41. 41 Fire Prevention Plan (FPP) The purpose of the fire prevention plan is to prevent a fire from occurring in a workplace. FPP describes the fuel sources (hazardous or other materials) on site that could initiate or contribute both to the spread of a fire, as well as the building systems, such as fixed fire extinguishing systems and alarm systems, in place to control the ignition or spread of a fire.

42. 42 Fire Prevention Plan (FPP) A fire prevention plan must be in writing, be kept in the workplace, and be made available to employees for review. However, an employer with 10 or fewer employees may communicate the plan orally to employees.

43. 43 The minimum provisions of a fire prevention plan List of all major fire hazards, proper handling and storage procedures for hazardous materials, potential ignition sources and their control, the type of fire protection equipment necessary to control each major hazard, Procedures to control accumulations of flammable and combustible waste materials,

44. 44 The minimum provisions of a fire prevention plan Procedures for regular maintenance of safeguards installed on heat-producing equipment to prevent the accidental ignition of combustible materials, Name or job title of employees responsible for maintaining equipment to prevent or control sources of ignition or fires,

45. 45 The minimum provisions of a fire prevention plan Name or job title of employees responsible for the control of fuel source hazards, When you assign employees to a job, you must inform them of any fire hazards they may be exposed to, and Review with each employee those parts of the fire prevention plan necessary for self- protection.

46. 46 Handling and storage procedures for hazardous materials Workplace Fire HazardsHandling and Storage Procedures FuelFuels may be handled and stored in workplaces only according to OSHA, NFPA and North Carolina Occupational Health and Safety Standards. Piped natural gasNatural gas piping is installed in accordance with OSHA, NFPA and North Carolina Occupational Health and Safety Standards. Flammable liquidsRules for the storage and use of flammable and combustible liquids are described in the University’s Health and Safety Manual (available online at http://ehs.unc.edu) Flammable gasesFlammable gases may be used and stored in workplaces only according to OSHA, NFPA and North Carolina Occupational Health and Safety Standards.

47. 47 potential ignition sources and their control procedure Potential Ignition SourcesControl Procedures SmokingUniversity policy does not allow smoking in University buildings expect for personal living quarters. PyrotechnicsRules for the use of pyrotechnics are described in the University’s Health and Safety Manual. Hot work (e.g., welding, soldering, cutting, braising, heating metal, etc.) EHS distributes fire safety precautions and permits for hot work. Electrical equipmentRules for the use of electrical equipment are described in the University’s Health and Safety Manual.