1. How Architectural Styles Develop Many features develop over time

2. Development of one architectural solution in one culture often caused changes in architecture of another culture Transitions occur from one time period to another Also from one part of the country and world to another

3. Few structure are pure examples of one specific style Styles are categorized and labeled by most common and outstanding features Overlapping of characteristics is typical among Early American and European styles

4. Early American Architecture Influences Need to begin with European styles Such as English French Spanish Italian

5. English Architecture Includes several variations of common features High-pitched roofs The massive chimneys Half-timber siding Small windows Exterior stone walls Wood may replace stone on exterior walls

6. Day English Architecture cont’d Most commonly adapted English styles include Elizabethan Tudor

7. Elizabethan style Typical Half-timber construction

8. Tudor style Typical multiple gables

9. French Architecture Several distinct types Two most common: French Provincial French Chateau

10. French Provincial Steeply pitched hip roofs Long projecting windows Corner quoins Curved lintels Towers

11. French Chateau Symmetrical Mansard roofs Originally designed by French architect François Mansard

12. French Provincial

13. Spanish and Italian Share several similarities Arches Low-pitched roofs of ceramic tile Stucco exterior walls

14. Distinguishing feature of Spanish home Open courtyard patio Two-story Spanish homes have open balconies – often with grillwork trim

15. Spanish Architecture

16. Italian Architecture Very similar to Spanish Features particular to Italian styles Columns and arches Generally part of an entrance Windows or balconies open onto a loggia An open passage covered by a roof Classical moldings around first floor windows

17. Mediterranean Both Spanish and Italian are classified as Mediterranean Also called Southern European style

18. Italian Architecture Contemporary Adaptation

19. Early American Styles New England Colonial Mid-Atlantic Colonial Dutch Colonial Southern Colonial

20. Early American cont’d From diversity of background of early settlers All the styles that developed in various regions of the colonies European styles influenced residential First England Then France English styles had greatest impact

21. New England Colonial Colonists from New England coastal areas Brought strong influence of English architecture Lacked time and equipment Depended on locally available building materials Had to simplify English styles Became New England Colonial

22. New England Colonial cont’d One of most popular New England Colonial styles Cape Cod One-and-one-half story gabled-roof Central front chimney Exterior walls of clapboard or bevel siding

23. New England Colonial cont’d May include dormers Floor plan generally symmetrical Design features to overcome cold winters Window shutters Small window areas Enclosed breezeways

24. Cape Cod

25. Mid-Atlantic Colonial Local influences Availability of brick Seasonal climate Influence of the architecture of Thomas Jefferson Located from Virginia to New Jersey Formal, massive and ornate Also called Classical Revival

26. Mid-Atlantic Colonial cont’d Influenced by early Greek and Roman architecture Included adaptations of many urban English designs Georgian style is a simplified version

27. Mid-Atlantic Colonial

28. Dutch Colonial Colonists from Netherlands and Germany In New York and Pennsylvania Gambrel roof

29. Dutch Colonial

30. Southern Colonial Early settlers migrated south Warmer climates and outdoor living affected the designs House was center of plantation living Usually larger than most English house Second story Often with a veranda

31. Southern Colonial

32. Later American Styles After the colonial period

33. Styles were influenced by Climate Availability of land Industrial developments Other architectural styles

34. Victorian Intricate house decorations (gingerbread) developed Resulting from new machinery of the Industrial Revolution Ornate items such as: Finials Lintels Parapets balconies

35. Victorian

36. Ranch Style Settlers moved west of the colonies Adapted styles to meet their needs Availability of land eliminated need for second floors Needed space spread horizontally

37. Ranch Style cont’d Spanish and Mexican influences Southwestern ranch U-shaped plan with patio in middle One-story Spanish/Mexican homes were the fore-runners of Southwestern Ranch styles

38. Southwestern Ranch

39. Influences on Contemporary Styles Advances always depended on available building materials American colonial builders had only wood, stone and some ceramic material Resulting in Early American architecture Newer developments affect styles over time

40. Influences cont’d Styles never thought possible in the past are now realities Forms Sizes Shapes Many choices and styles possible now Must be carefully combined to meet good design principles

41. Influences cont’d Historical styles continue to have influence Advancements in technology have great influence Many different choices

42. Contemporary Style

43. Contemporary Features Modern components incorporated into a French Provincial home

44. New Materials Many "new" materials are actually old materials manufactured in new ways or different forms Wood One of oldest materials New structural wood and synthetic materials have affected shapes and sizes Revolutionized the use of wood in architecture

45. New Materials cont’d Plastics and New Glass products Changed designs dramatically Large double and triple glass sheets Structural forms Provide for many options

46. New Materials cont’d Concrete Many new developments Factory-made concrete shapes Steel One of the most profound impacts Can be built on location Shapes previously impossible High rise buildings

47. New Materials cont’d Aluminum Used for framing and covering lightweight structures

48. Steel has increased building heights

49. New Construction Methods Skeleton Frame Construction One of the first methods using modern materials Open frame to which wall coverings are attached Frame provides support Covering provides shelter

50. Skeleton Frame Construction

51. New Methods cont’d Now large pre-manufactured components can be used Have fewer structural restrictions Lines may be Simpler Bolder Less cluttered

52. New Materials con’td Can have more diversified structural shapes No longer are architectural shapes simply squares or cubes Triangles Octagons Pentagons Circles spheres