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TRANSITIONS BETWEEN PHASES See the phase diagram for water, Figure 13.37. Lines connect all conditions of T and P where EQUILIBRIUM exists between the.

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Presentation on theme: "TRANSITIONS BETWEEN PHASES See the phase diagram for water, Figure 13.37. Lines connect all conditions of T and P where EQUILIBRIUM exists between the."— Presentation transcript:

1 TRANSITIONS BETWEEN PHASES See the phase diagram for water, Figure 13.37. Lines connect all conditions of T and P where EQUILIBRIUM exists between the phases on either side of the line. (At equilibrium particles move from liquid to gas as fast as they move from gas to liquid, for example.) See the phase diagram for water, Figure 13.37. Lines connect all conditions of T and P where EQUILIBRIUM exists between the phases on either side of the line. (At equilibrium particles move from liquid to gas as fast as they move from gas to liquid, for example.)

2 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Phase Diagram for Water Animation of solid phase.

3 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Phase Diagram for Water Animation of equilibrium between solid and liquid phases.

4 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Phase Diagram for Water Animation of liquid phase.

5 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Phase Diagram for Water Animation of equilibrium between liquid and gas phases.

6 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Phase Diagram for Water Animation of gas phase.

7 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Phase Diagram for Water Animation of equilibrium between solid and gas phases.

8 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Phase Diagram for Water Animation of triple point. At the TRIPLE POINT all three phases are in equilibrium.

9 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Phases Diagrams— Important Points for Water T(C)P(mmHg) T(  C)P(mmHg) Normal boil point 100760 Normal freeze point0760 Triple point 0.00984.58 T(C)P(mmHg) T(  C)P(mmHg) Normal boil point 100760 Normal freeze point0760 Triple point 0.00984.58

10 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved TRANSITIONS BETWEEN PHASES As P and T increase, you finally reach the CRITICAL T and P

11 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved TRANSITIONS BETWEEN PHASES As P and T increase, you finally reach the CRITICAL T and P

12 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved TRANSITIONS BETWEEN PHASES Above critical T no liquid exists no matter how high the pressure. As P and T increase, you finally reach the CRITICAL T and P

13 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Critical T and P COMPDT c ( o C)P c (atm) H 2 O374218 CO 2 3173 CH 4 -8246 Freon-1211241 (CCl 2 F 2 ) Notice that T c and P c depend on intermolecular forces. COMPDT c ( o C)P c (atm) H 2 O374218 CO 2 3173 CH 4 -8246 Freon-1211241 (CCl 2 F 2 ) Notice that T c and P c depend on intermolecular forces.

14 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Solid-Liquid Equilibria In any system, if you increase P the DENSITY will go up. Therefore — as P goes up, equilibrium favors phase with the larger density (or SMALLER volume/gram). Liquid H 2 OSolid H 2 O Liquid H 2 OSolid H 2 O Density1 g/cm 3 0.917 g/cm 3 cm 3 /gram11.09 In any system, if you increase P the DENSITY will go up. Therefore — as P goes up, equilibrium favors phase with the larger density (or SMALLER volume/gram). Liquid H 2 OSolid H 2 O Liquid H 2 OSolid H 2 O Density1 g/cm 3 0.917 g/cm 3 cm 3 /gram11.09

15 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Solid-Liquid Equilibria In any system, if you increase P the DENSITY will go up. Therefore — as P goes up, equilibrium favors phase with the larger density (or SMALLER volume/gram). Liquid H 2 OSolid H 2 O Liquid H 2 OSolid H 2 O Density1 g/cm 3 0.917 g/cm 3 cm 3 /gram11.09 In any system, if you increase P the DENSITY will go up. Therefore — as P goes up, equilibrium favors phase with the larger density (or SMALLER volume/gram). Liquid H 2 OSolid H 2 O Liquid H 2 OSolid H 2 O Density1 g/cm 3 0.917 g/cm 3 cm 3 /gram11.09

16 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Solid-Liquid Equilibria Solid H 2 O Liquid H 2 O P T 760 mmHg 0  C Normal freezing point

17 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Solid-Liquid Equilbria Raising the pressure at constant T causes water to melt. The NEGATIVE SLOPE of the S/L line is unique to H 2 O. Almost everything else has positive slope. Raising the pressure at constant T causes water to melt. The NEGATIVE SLOPE of the S/L line is unique to H 2 O. Almost everything else has positive slope. P T freezing Solid H 2 O Liquid H 2 O 760 mmHg 0  C Normal point

18 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Solid-Liquid Equilbria The behavior of water under pressure is an example of LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE At Solid/Liquid equilibrium, raising P squeezes the solid. It responds by going to phase with greater density, i.e., the liquid phase. The behavior of water under pressure is an example of LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE At Solid/Liquid equilibrium, raising P squeezes the solid. It responds by going to phase with greater density, i.e., the liquid phase. Solid H 2 O Liquid H 2 O P T 760 mmHg 0  C Normal freezing point

19 Copyright (c) 1999 by Harcourt Brace & Company All rights reserved Solid-Vapor Equilibrium At P < 4.58 mmHg and T < 0.0098 C At P < 4.58 mmHg and T < 0.0098  C solid H 2 O can go directly to vapor. This process is called SUBLIMATION This is how a frost-free refrigerator works. At P < 4.58 mmHg and T < 0.0098 C At P < 4.58 mmHg and T < 0.0098  C solid H 2 O can go directly to vapor. This process is called SUBLIMATION This is how a frost-free refrigerator works.

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