1. PSY402 Theories of Learning Chapter 7 – Theories and Applications of Appetitive Conditioning

2. Operant Conditioning  The nature of reinforcement: Premack’s probability differential theory Response deprivation theory  Behavioral economics: Behavioral allocation – blisspoint Choice behavior – Herrnstein’s matching law. Momentary maximization theory Delay-reduction theory

3. Probability-Differential Theory  Premack – a reinforcer can be any activity that is more likely to occur than the reinforced behavior. Manipulators vs eaters  High probability behaviors can be used as reinforcers of low probability behaviors. Frequency of the reinforcer decreases when it is made contingent on another response.

4. Response Deprivation Theory  Timberlake & Allison – deprivation occurs when an activity is used as a reinforcer and is not freely emitted. The activity is reinforcing because it satisfies the deprivation created. The animal tries to return to its pre- deprivation level of responding.  Activities can be reinforcing even if their baselines were not higher.

5. Behavioral Allocation  Blisspoint (paired basepoint) – the free operant level of two responses. Unrestricted responding with two choices of behaviors.  Blisspoint is used to figure out how much behavior an animal will engage in to obtain a reward.  Animals try to get as close to the blisspoint as possible.

6. Problems with Contingencies  Blisspoint is established by looking at behavior before a contingency is established.  The established contingency must take blisspoint into account or it may not increase desired behavior.

7. Choice Behavior  Herrnstein’s matching law – describes how animals act when they have two or more choices. Different responses have different schedules of reinforcement. Responding to each choice is proportionate to the reinforcement for each choice – after learning. This can be expressed mathematically.

8. Mathematical Expression  The formula for the matching law is: where R 1 and R 2 are the rates of response for two alternative responses And r 1 and r 2 are rates of reinforcement for those responses

9. Delayed Gratification  Why does anyone choose a smaller reward part of the time? Animals and people typically choose a small immediate reward over a larger delayed reward.  Large rewards are selected when: The choice is made in advance of reward. Reinforcers are not visible or reward is already present (pleasurable activity).

10. Complexities of the Matching Law  Maximizing law – sometimes the aim is to obtain as many rewards as possible. Explains FR-10 vs FR-40 schedules. Doesn’t work for VI vs VR schedules.  Momentary maximization theory – choose best alternative at the time.  Delay reduction theory – choose what will get the reward the fastest.

11. Contingency Management  Assessment phase – determine the frequency of behavior and the situations in which it occurs.  Contracting phase – specifies the relationship between responding and reinforcement.  Management phase – implement the contract and evaluate results.