2. Copper from deep in the ground. SL M2.

3. Five stages: Open Pit mining Pit crusher 0.6% Cu Froth floatation 30% Cu Smelting 90.4% Cu Electrolytic refining 99.98% Cu

4. chalcopyrite azurite malachite

5. CuFeS 2 = chalcopyrite. % Cu in pure chalcopyrite?

6. % by mass = mass of element in 1 mole of compound x 100 Mr of compound CuFeS 2 Mr = 64+56+32+32 = 184 % by mass = 64 x 100 = 35% 184

7. Open Pit mining. Bingham Canyon Low grade copper Quantities huge Shavings tested Dynamite used Waste to tips

8. Open Pit mining. Noisy Dusty Leaves Open Pits Waste tips.

9. Pit crusher

10. 0.6% Cu 2.5cm pieces

11. Froth Floatation

13. Collector (oil) molecules attach themselves to the chalcopyrite grains. The grains are now water- repellent. Air bubbles attract the grains. Froth produced and is pumped away to smelter. Detergent Oil Water Tailings 0.6% 30% concentrating

14. Smelting First stage involves –Silica –Oxygen –Concentrate Cu 2 S made Most important stage involves Cu 2 S / air / furnace Cu 2 S(l) + O 2 (g)  2Cu(l) + SO 2 (g)

15. Cu 2 S + O 2  2Cu + SO 2 0 -2 -2 +4 +1 0 O S Cu Oxidised or reduced? reduced oxidised reduced What mass of copper could be obtained by reducing 1kg of copper (I) sulphide?

16. Cu 2 S + O 2  2Cu + SO 2 What mass of copper could be obtained by reducing 1kg of copper (I) sulphide? 160 128 Moles in 1kg 1 mol 2 mol Mass in question Mass in Underline 0.800kg

17. Smelting Sulphur dioxide made. 30%99.4% Acid rain Lakes Trees H 2 SO 4

18. Electrolytic Refining 99.4%99.98% The copper anodes are already 99.4% copper! The copper cathodes will be 99.98% copper!

20. e-e- e-e- Cu e-e- e-e- Anode + - Cathode Cu 2+ Cu Cu 2+ Cu Cu 2+

21. e-e- e-e- Cu e-e- e-e- Anode + - Cathode Cu 2+ Cu Cu 2+ Cu Cu 2+ Describe what is happening at the anode. Write an equation. Is this oxidation or reduction?

22. e-e- e-e- Cu e-e- e-e- Anode + - Cathode Cu 2+ Cu Cu 2+ Cu Cu 2+ Describe what is happening at the cathode. Write an equation. Is this oxidation or reduction?

23. e-e- e-e- Cu e-e- e-e- Anode + - Cathode Cu 2+ Cu Cu 2+ Cu Cu 2+ Write an equation. Cu(s)  Cu 2+(aq) + 2e - Is this oxidation or reduction? Oxidation

24. e-e- e-e- Cu e-e- e-e- Anode + - Cathode Cu 2+ Cu Cu 2+ Cu Cu 2+ Write an equation. Cu 2+ (aq) + 2e -  Cu(s) Is this oxidation or reduction? Reduction

25. Five stages: Open Pit mining Pit crusher Froth floatation Smelting Electrolytic refining