1. Digital divide in use of online news: the consumption of online news media by Flemish college students Drs. Michaël Opgenhaffen IAMCR – Paris, 2007

2. PhD-project Lessius University College – Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium Multimedia, interactivity and hypertext in online news: effect on objective and subjective knowledge 2006-2009

3. Digital divide in use Digital divide in access  Digital divide in use Main question: - What people do online once access is achieved? -Effect of form and structure of various news media on information-processing and knowledge outcome? -Do experts know more then basic online news users?

4. Model MultimediaMULTIMEDIA INTERACTIVITY HYPERTEXT INFORMATION- PROCESSING KNOWLEDGE ONLINE NEWS MEDIA

5. What do we study: divergent news media What’s an online news medium? –Internet is not one, big, homogeneous medium –Convergent meta-medium (e.g. internet, online newspaper, news site, …) Divergent sub-media (e.g. news page, forum, web-tv, blog, RSS-feeds, news alerts, …) Studying divergent sub-media Sampling messages from sub-media

6. Content analysis Online coverage of municipal and federal elections in Belgium in 2006 + 2007 Convergent + divergent news media Digital newspapers, television and radio news sites, ‘online onlies’, alternative news media.

7. InteractivityHypertext ControlConversationPublicationInternalExternal Online newspage HighMediumLowHighMedium Paper in pdf MediumLowNoneLow Web TV Medium LowMediumNone Live TV None Web radio Low NoneLow None Live radio Low NoneLowNone News in pictures Low Infographic HighLowNoneHighNone Typology of online news media

8. InteractivityHypertext ControlConversationPublicationInternalExternal News blog LowHigh News forum LowHigh Low Poll / survey Low HighLowNone Mail alert MediumLowNoneHighNone News feed (RSS) MediumLowNoneMediumNone Teletext HighNone HighNone Typology of online news media

9. What’s the digital divide in use of those online news media?

10. Online news consumption by Flemish college students 789 college students (18-24) (64% response rate) May/June 2007 0% never / 0.3% 5 jaar Based on content analysis: –Convergent + divergent online news media (e.g. news site, forum, usenet, rss-feed) –Online news applications (e.g. video, picture, ratings, reactions)

11. Divide in use of online news media ≥ 1 time/day Never / unknown Mean (0-5) Std.dev. Digital newspaper Paper in pdf TV/Radio-site News blog Portal site Rss-feeds News forum Usenet News letter Webradio Streaming video SMS alerts 18% 0.4% 11.5% 1.3% 5.1% 3.7% 0.9% 0.3% 3.6% 2.1% 0.7% 0% 22.5% 89% 21.6% 84.6% 62.5% 96% 87,6% 95.3% 54,3% 76,4% 70.9% 99.3% 1.96 (1) 0.17 (10) 1.75 (2) 0.35 0.84 0.25 0.23 0.17 (10) 1.01 (3) 0.46 0.50 0.01 (12) 1.54 0.53 1.37 0.86 1.25 0.93 0.71 0.41 1.26 0.93 0.87 0.14

12. Divide in use of online news applications ≥ regularlyNever / unknown Mean (0-3) Std.dev. Video Audio Pictures in dia Search by category Search onsite Chronology Personalisation Reading reactions React Print-function Read later Pay for content Send to 37.4% 24.3% 24.5% 50.7% 33% 15.8% 1.9% 18% 3.6% 6.5% 0.9% 0.6% 2% 27.6% 36.8% 44.3% 31.1% 32.2% 71.4% 93.6% 47.9% 69.5% 67.1% 97.3% 94.7% 77.1% 1.37 (2) 1.11 1.08 (11) 1.54 (1) 1.19 (3) 0.69 0.12 0.83 0.28 0.46 0.05 (13) 0.07 (12) 0.29 0.85 0.86 0.89 1.01 0.86 0.97 0.43 0.83 0.54 0.67 0.27 0.29 0.51

13. Future analyses What are predicting factors of digital divide in use (within same age cohort)? –Digital literacy? –Years experience? –Gender? –Education? –Cross-media use? –… What is the effect of different use of news on knowledge?