1. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 1 Multimedia in Organisations BUSS 213 Lecture 1 Defining Media, Multiple Media, and Organisational Multimedia

2. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 2 Agenda Overview of the Subject Defining Media Multiple Media Organisational Multimedia Describe the Subject Outline Aim and Objectives Content and Method of Presentation Assessment Texts and Resources Schedules Safety Procedures

3. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 3 Overview of the Subject

4. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 4 Defining Media (1) Just what is a media?- the answer to this simple question is surprisingly complex if we can answer this question we may be able to understand the relationship between the so-called new digital media and traditional media we may also be able to build better or more appropriate multimedia systems

5. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 5 Defining Media (2) Failure of Technical Classification of Media most IS/CS researchers simply classify types of media (see Lectures 3-5) according to the type of data structures that are used- not an adequate or complete explanation because: it cannot explain the different kinds of effects that audiences have when encountering new media these technical definitions ignore how users actually ‘read’ or interact with new and traditional forms of media (described in Lectures 9-10)

6. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 6 Defining Media (3) Media Classification Failure: Time Slice an example of this is Time Slice Imaging (described in detail in Lecture 6) interestingly this media is incorrectly named (better called space slicing as multiple images are taken at the same instant from different spatial positions)- lets not confuse it with time-lapse imaging Technical Classification considers it to be the same as Digital Video- like Digital Video Time Slice media does not involve any user interaction (Lecture 9) yet, Time Slice media provides a completely different experience for users- they ‘read’ it differently

7. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 7 Defining Media (4) Media Classification Failure: Time Slice Example of Time Slice Imaging: Entertainment Example: The Matrix (Chapter 30: ‘Dodge This’ Sequence) So startling is this kind of media and yet so adept are audiences as reading (interpreting) it, that this kind of media is now being parodied in films like Shrek, only several years after its invention Organisational and Educational Examples are also available- for example the BBC series The Body

8. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 8 Defining Media (5) ‘New’ Media from ‘Old’ Media the major reason new forms of media can be created is that traditional digital media can be transformed from data to processes we therefore need to understand the role of and opportunites provided by computation in creating new media (Lecture 6) achieved by adding: Selection- on event do this Repetition- repeat this until that to a specific State for static media or Sequence for Time-ordered media

9. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 9 Defining Media (6) Creating ‘New’ Media if we can understand and define media we may be able to create entirely new kinds of passive and interactive experience for users! but a better definition will require IS : to go beyond technical considerations of data and process, and to also consider how users ‘read’ media- the realm of semiotics (the study of meanings)!

10. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 10 Multiple Media (1) Hypertext Major advances have been made in media types and modes of access- we distinguish between different types of multiple media- Hypertext, Multimedia & Hypermedia Hypertext- generally consist of one or more text oriented media at the nodes uni- or bi-directional links between nodes asynchronous accessing of nodes

11. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 11 Multiple Media (2) Hypertext Components of various media types Anchor Link Source: Hardman, Bulterman & van Rossum (1994)

12. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 12 Multiple Media (3) Multimedia generally consist of many types of media at the nodes (video, sound, text and images) uni- or bi-directional links between nodes synchronous accessing of individual nodes but asynchronous accessing between nodes

13. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 13 Multiple Media (4) Multimedia Time Components of various media types Anchor Link Source: Hardman, Bulterman & van Rossum (1994)

14. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 14 Multiple Media (5) Hypermedia combination of hypertext and multimedia nodes consist of many types of media (video, sound, text and images) uni- or bi-directional links between nodes asynchronous or synchronous accessing of individual nodes depending on media type but asynchronous accessing between nodes

15. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 15 Multiple Media (6) Hypermedia Components of various media types Anchor Link Source: Hardman, Bulterman & van Rossum (1994)

16. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 16 Organisational Multimedia Relevance (1) some new digital media are being used to solve organisational problems for example QTVR is being used by: Real Estate Agents use it to describe the interiors of expensive properties which are to be auctioned, Queensland Police are using it to create a realistic reconstruction of the crime scene

17. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 17 Organisational Multimedia Relevance (2) there are many forms of new digital media which are currently being created- many simply await an application for which they are suited apart from the usual forms of delivery (CD-ROM etc.), these media are increasingly found on corporate Intranets, as well as on Internet websites Intranets are common sources of organisational multimedia because they are not subject to the bandwidth restrictions found on the Internet

18. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 18 Organisational Multimedia Special Knowledge Required To do this kind of work in real organisations we need special subjects like this one, we need to understand: the organisational requirements of this type of media (Lecture 2) how to build it (design practices) in and for organisations ( Lecture 7-8), how it operates for users in organisational contexts (Lecture 9-10) how to deploy and manage the organisational multimedia development process (Lectures 11-12)

19. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 19 Subject Outline

20. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 20 Safety Procedures

21. Clarke, R. J (2001) L213-01: 21 References Clarke, R. J. and L. Schafe (1997) “Prototyping Multimedia: Experiences from the ‘Information Systems in Context’ CAUT Project” ASCILITE’97 Perth Clarke, R. J. and L. Schafe (1999) Supply and Warehousing at BHP: Stocked Repairable Items Information Systems in Contexts CD-ROM, University of Wollongong in press Martin, J. R. (1992) English Text: System and Structure Philadelphia/Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company Schafe, L. and R. J. Clarke (1995) Information Systems in Context CAUT Proposal, University of Wollongong Gibbs, S. J. and D. C. Tsichritzis (1995) Multimedia Programming: Objects, Environments and Frameworks Chapter 2: Media Types, ACM Press Books/Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 15-78; Reading #3