1. Project IceSAR Andrew Brownfield Cameron Chapman Nicholas Mans Jon Wehling

2. Objective Build and test a Synthetic Aperture Endfire Array Radar in order to reconstruct 3D image of the terrain in front of the spacecraft.

3. Enceladus (moon of Saturn) Mean radius 252.1 ± 0.1 km (0.0395 Earths) [7] Mass (1.080 22 ± 0.001 01) × 10 20 kg [7] (1.8×10 -5 Earths) [ Surface temp. Kelvin [10] Average: 75K Max: 145K

4. Subterranean Oceans FissuresIce Geysers

5. Project VALKYRIE NASA’s Request For Proposals VALKYRIE – collaborations between Stone Aerospace and Professor Gasiewski Request for prototype to Antarctica From there the design goes to Enceladus (Very-Deep Autonomous Laser-Powered Kilowatt-Class Yo-Yoing Robotic Ice Explorer)

6. VALKALRIE’s obstacle avoidance

7. Radar driven obstacle avoidance Use radar to see rocks through ice – 500MHz needed Space issues – Patch or dipole antenna Patch Antenna RadiationDipole Antenna Radiation Accurate object detection requires sufficient resolution, either through a scanning focused beam or by utilizing SAR to synthetically narrow the beam

8. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) http://www.rfcafe.com/references/electrical/NEETS%20Modules/NEETS-Module-11-3-1-3-10.htm Using the Range Gating Principle it is possible to calculate the distance to an object The magnitude and phase of the return signal at multiple positions allows for the reconstruction of a radar image and relative position of the object in 3D space

9. Synthetic Aperture Radar (cont.) A single broad radar pulse will provide general distance information, but no direction, due to azimuthal ambiguity Multiple pulses from different locations provide a tool for determining direction, thus effectively narrowing the beam width By sampling many times in a flyby plane or satellite, one can sweep out large tracts of information, with each point on the ground generated with many different radar pulses. www.skylondaworks.com/sc_sar0.htm

10. VALKYRIE’s SAR Probe moves towards the objects it’s detecting, not orthogonal to it Complex algorithms to determine relative position of an object 4 antennae are not pointed orthogonally or parallel, but tilted and concentrically oriented around the nose of the probe

11. High Level Systems Layout Solid Objects Power Management System Patch/ Dipole Antenna Array Transceiver Pulse/Signal Generator Receiver Signal Processing and Correction Data Processing (Matlab) SAR Image Microwave Isolators

12. Transmitter 100W transmission power – Sin wave generator (500MHz) – 30ns Pulse (gated switch) – Amplifier

13. Antenna Dipole Omnidirectional Radiation Compact Backplane λ/4 separation to partially direct the beam Microstrip patch Hemispherical radiation Backplane next to patch Each patch must be λ/2 in length

14. Receiver Receive a radar pulse with 2km pathlength Isolator (Protection against transmitter feedback) Magnitude and Phase

15. Computer Interface and Control FPGA Altera board NIOS II core – Monitor power – Control Radar pulse width and Range-gating of received signals National Instruments Data Acquisition (DAQ) PCI board. – Desktop interface and file storage for post processing

16. Software Post Process Matlab image processing of CSV file. SAR algorithm processing to reduces azimuthal ambiguity in radar Interface Altera development software NI board software C based GUI

17. Power Bench-top devices Regulated DC for FPGA Power through the National Instruments card.

18. Division of Labor Cameron-FPGA Programming Jon-Signal Processing Andrew-Antenna Design Nick-Hardware Integration and Testing

19. Preliminary Schedule Highly Modular Plan on having hardware completed by Milestone 1

20. Risks and Contingency Learning curve - Relatively inexperienced with antennas/radar NTIA regulations - frequency control Broadcast around 500MHz (Transparent frequency of Ice) High Cost - Much covered by Stone Aerospace Build vs. Buy Time - Complex integration/ functional testing

21. Budget ComponentEstimated Cost ReceiverUnknown TransmitterUnknown FPGA$80 Antennae$100 NI interface card$500 PCB$100 Misc Parts$100 Power$50 Total$1000+

22. FIN Questions?