1. Players in Coastal Hazard Management Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Government Federal State Local Regional Private Landowners and Investors Non-Government Organizations Slide 26.1

2. Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Rights Privileges Restrictions Duties Slide 26.2 Land Ownership: The Bundle of Sticks

3. Rights of Ownership Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course The right of possession The right to control The right of enjoyment The right of disposition Slide 26.3

4. Limits on Ownership Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Common law restrictions on property uses The police power Eminent domain Property taxation Slide 26.4

5. Factors in Coastal Development Decisions Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Demand Risk Hazards Regulation Infrastructure Time Value of Money Slide 26.5

6. Ways to Affect Private Sector Development Decisions Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Public information programs Control infrastructure extensions into hazardous areas Policies that require hazard mitigation Impact fees for services in hazardous areas Density bonuses for projects outside Low-cost loans for mitigation Subsidies for relocation out of hazardous areas Streamlined permitting in hazard-free areas Differential loan rates for hazard areas Slide 26.6

7. Non-Governmental Organizations Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Natural Resources Defense Council Sierra Club Center for Marine Conservation other environmental and public interest groups Slide 26.7

8. Non-Governmental Organizations: Land Trusts Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course The Nature Conservancy Local groups Slide 26.8

9. Non-Governmental Organizations: Private Interest Groups Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Investment organizations Energy organizations Development organizations Slide 26.9

10. Non-Governmental Organizations: Professional Associations Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course floodplain managers emergency managers planners/architects engineers builders bankers/insurers landscapers Slide 26.10

11. Government Coalitions Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course chambers of commerce leagues of municipalities county government leagues regional councils of government Slide 26.11

12. Third Sector Capabilities Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course mobilize public and political support shape public opinion attract diverse funding leverage scarce resources Slide 26.12

13. Approaches to Government Regulation of Coastal Development Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Withhold government subsidies for development Land use planning Restrict/prohibit structures Slide 26.13

14. Ad Hoc Federal Response to Early Disasters Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course New Madrid, Missouri Earthquakes of 1811-1812 Chicago Fire of 1873 Johnstown, Pennsylvania Dam Break in 1889 Galveston Hurricane of 1900 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906 Miami Hurricane of 1926 Lower Mississippi Flood of 1927 New England Hurricane of 1938 Slide 26.14

15. Federal Disaster Response in the 1930s Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Disaster loans made available for public facilities Flood Control Act of 1934: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Zoning becomes judicially accepted, but is not used to limit building in hazard areas Slide 26.15

16. Federal Disaster Response in the 1950s Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course The Cold War presents the principal disaster risk More ad hoc disaster legislation for natural disasters Hurricane Hazel, 1954 Hurricane Diana, 1955 Hurricane Audrey, 1957 Slide 26.16

17. Federal Disaster Response in the 1960s Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Office of Emergency Preparedness, 1961 Natural Disasters: Ash Wednesday Storm Prince William Sound earthquake/tsunami Hurricane Betsy Hurricane Camille National Flood Insurance Program enacted, 1968 Slide 26.17

18. Federal Disaster Response in the 1970s Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course 100+ federal agencies with responsibility for risk and disasters Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1979 Slide 26.18

19. Federal Disaster Response during the 1980s and 1990s Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course The role of the federal government/FEMA is called into question. The emergency management system fails to respond adequately to major disasters: Hurricane Hugo, 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, 1989 Hurricane Andrew, 1992 Hurricane Iniki, 1992 Slide 26.19

20. A Change in Focus for Post-Disaster Recovery Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course James Lee Witt named Director of FEMA FEMA responds successfully to Midwest Floods of 1993 Largest voluntary buyout and relocation program moves people and property out of the floodplain Slide 26.20

21. Federal Disaster Response in the late 1990s Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Directorship of FEMA elevated to cabinet level FEMA increases emphasis on disaster mitigation FEMA encourages disaster-resistant communities Slide 26.21

22. Post September 11th Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Department of Homeland Security created FEMA housed in the Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate Slide 26.22

23. Federal Disaster Assistance: A Moral Hazard? Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course The availability of federal disaster assistance, flood insurance and other benefits inadvertently contributes to a false sense of security and removes incentives to reduce personal and local hazards. Slide 26.23

24. State Regulatory Tools for Hazard Areas Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.24 Direct regulation of environmentally sensitive areas Coastal setbacks Limit public provision of infrastructure Mandatory building codes Mandate local planning

25. Local Land Use Management Tools Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.25 comprehensive land use plans zoning/subdivision ordinances capital improvement programs historic district regulations land acquisition programs targeted taxation assessments impact fees annexation programs

26. Disaster Resilient Local Communities Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.26 Property tax base located in safe areas Property built to withstand natural hazards Economically secure Financially stable Sustainable

27. Issues of Regional Concern Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.27 public policy administration resource management pollution control economic development other social, political, or environmental concerns

28. Forms of Regional Governance Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.28 regulatory (with or without enforcement powers) administrative advisory voluntary councils/federations

29. Elements of Success in Regional Governance Session Name: Players in Coastal Hazards Management Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 26.29 authority for implementation fiscal autonomy legal flexibility in interpreting mandates professionalism among staff clear goals proper mix of political, organizational, and environmental conditions