1. ISBN 0-321-19362-8 Lecture 01 Preliminaries

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-2 Lecture 01 Topics Motivation Programming Domains Language Evaluation Criteria Influences on Language Design Language Categories Language Design Trade-Offs Implementation Methods Programming Environments

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-3 Motivation: Why Study Programming Languages? Increased ability to express ideas Improved background for choosing appropriate languages Greater ability to learn new languages Understand significance of implementation Ability to design new languages Overall advancement of computing

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-4 Programming Domains Scientific applications –Large number of floating point computations Business applications –Produce reports, use decimal numbers and characters Artificial intelligence –Symbols rather than numbers manipulated Systems programming –Need efficiency because of continuous use Scripting languages –Put a list of commands in a file to be executed Special-purpose languages –Simulation

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-5 Language Evaluation Criteria Readability –The most important criterium –Factors: Overall simplicity –Too many features is bad –Multiplicity of features is bad Orthogonality –A relatively small set of primitive constructs can be combined in a relatively small number of ways –Every possible combination is legal –Meaning is context independent –Lack of orthogonality leads to exceptions to rules –Makes the language easy to learn and read

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-6 Language Evaluation Criteria –Readability factors (continued) Control statements –goto Defining data types and structures –True vs 1, record vs array Syntax considerations –Identifier forms –Special words –Form and meaning »Meaning should directly follows syntax »static

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-7 Language Evaluation Criteria Writability –Factors: Simplicity and orthogonality Support for abstraction –Program and data abstraction Expressivity Reliability –Factors: Type checking Exception handling Aliasing Readability and writability

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-8 Language Evaluation Criteria Cost –Training programmers to use language –Writing programs –Compiling programs –Executing programs –Language implementation system –Reliability –Maintaining programs Others: portability, generality, well- definedness

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-9 Influences on Language Design Computer architecture: Von Neumann We use imperative languages, at least in part, because we use von Neumann machines –Data and programs stored in same memory –Memory is separate from CPU –Instructions and data are piped from memory to CPU –Basis for imperative languages Variables model memory cells Assignment statements model piping Iteration is efficient

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-10 Von Neumann Architecture

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-11 Influences on Language Design Programming methodologies –1950s and early 1960s Simple applications; worry about machine efficiency –Late 1960s People efficiency became important; readability, better control structures –Structured programming –Top-down design and step-wise refinement –Late 1970s Process-oriented to data-oriented –data abstraction –Middle 1980s Object-oriented programming

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-12 Language Categories Imperative –Central features are variables, assignment statements, and iteration –C, Pascal

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-13 Language Categories Factorial in C #include long factorial (int n); void main(void) { printf("The factorial of %d is %d\n", 10, factorial (10)); } long factorial (int n) { int i; long product =1; for(i = n; i>0); i--) product = product *i; return product; }

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-14 Language Categories Functional –Main means of making computations is by applying functions to given parameters –LISP, Scheme –Factorial in Lisp => (defun factorial (n) (cond ((= n 0) 1) (t (* n (factorial (- n 1)))) )) => (factorial 10)

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-15 Language Categories Object-oriented –Encapsulate data objects with processing –Inheritance and dynamic type binding –Grew out of imperative languages –C++, Java

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-16 Language Categories Factorial in Java import java.io.*; public class Factorial {private long product = 1; private int n; public Factorial(int k) {n = k;} void run (void) {int i; for (i = n; n > 0; i--) product = product *i; System.out.println("The factorial of " + n + "is " + product); } public static void main (void) {Factorial fact10 = new Factorial(10); fact10.run(); } => java Factorial

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-17 Language Categories Logic –Rule-based knowledge base –Rules are specified in no special order –Prolog –Factorial in Prolog factorial(0, 1). factorial(N, F) :- N>0, factorial(N1, F1), N is N1 + 1, F is F1 * N. =>?factorial(10, what). => True.

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-18 Language Design Trade-Offs Criteria in conflict –Reliability vs. cost of execution –Readability vs. writability –Flexibility vs. safety

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-19 Layered View of Computer

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-20 Implementation Methods Compilation –Translate high-level program to machine code –Slow translation –Fast execution

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-21 Compilation Process

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-22 Implementation Methods Pure interpretation –No translation –Slow execution –Becoming rare –Used most in scripting languages

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-23 Pure Interpretation

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-24 Implementation Methods Hybrid implementation systems –Small translation cost –Medium execution speed Two-level compilation –Intermediate code interpretation replaced by JIT (Just In Time) compilation

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-25 Hybrid Implementation System

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1-26 Programming Environments The collection of tools used in software development UNIX –An older operating system and tool collection Borland JBuilder –An integrated development environment for Java Microsoft Visual Studio.NET –A large, complex visual environment –Used to program in C#, Visual BASIC.NET, Jscript, J#, or C++