1. Population Genetics “The study of genetic variation and its causes in population”

2. Suggestion to do well in this class # Attend every lab session. # Give your undivided attention. # Ask the TA to repeat himself. # Review the power-point presentations before the quiz. # Hand your assignment in due time. # Do your best with the lab. reports

3. Announcements Cedo field trip. preceptor program Home assignment include game 1, 2, and questions 1, 3 and 4 on page 12 There will be a quiz (8 points) on Thursday, February 3 th. The questions will cover materials from the population genetics lab and the classification and phylogeny lab.

4. Population Genetics Evolution Mechanisms of evolution How to prove it How to measure evolution

5. Evolution Population is a group of individuals that coexist in certain place at the same time and capable of interbreeding with one another Evolution is change over time in the traits of a population Phenotype is the observable properties of an organism. Gene is piece of DNA that codes for a protein Alleles are different forms of a gene

6. Evolution Genotype is the genetic composition the governs a trait (AA, Aa, aa) Evolution is change of the allele frequencies over time. Dominant allele, determine the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. Recessive allele, shows its phenotype only in homozygous individuals

7. Forces of evolution Natural selection advantage in survival and reproduction. Mutations. random changes in nucleotide sequence. Migration (gene flow). new individuals are introduce to the population. Non-random mating. possession or absence of certain phenotype. Genetic drift. random changes (allele fixation in small population).

8. Natural selection

9. Genetic drift

10. Its effect is clear in small populations These populations lose genetic variability rapidly. alleles drift to fixation. http://darwin.eeb.uconn.edu/simulations/drift.html.

11. Gene flow

12. Applied aspects of population genetics Cystic fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is the most common AR (autosomal recessive) disorder found in Caucasians with an estimated incidence of 1 in 2500 in newborns of European ancestry. About 1 in 25 persons of European ancestry is a carrier. CF especially affects the respiratory and digestive systems. The CF gene was identified in 1989. The average life expectancy of a person with CF is now at 30 years, due to advances in medical care.

13. Evolution

14. How to prove that evolution occur Hardy-weinberg theory (equilibrium) A population that is not changing genetically from generation to generation.(null hypothesis) Essential assumptions 1-Mating is random 2-Population size is very large (no effect for genetic drift) 3-Mutations can be ignored 4-Natural selection has no effect 5-No migration

15. Hardy-weinberg theory (equilibrium) Aa A a sperm eggs AAAa aa Punnett square Frequency of event= actual number of occurrence total number of events

16. Hardy-weinberg theory (equilibrium)  Allele frequency = number of occurrence of that allele total number of alleles in the population  Genotype frequency= number of occurrence of that genotype total number of the population or product of its alleles frequency= p * q Note: frequency is just another way to express (absolute)numbers. It is just the decimal fraction  p + q =1  p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

17. How to measure evolution  Calculate allele and genotype frequencies in each generation and compare it to the previous one.  are differences in genotype frequency from generation to generation evident ? Are we sure that these differences have not happened due chance alone?  Significance of the difference in frequency chi-square analysis ( X 2 ) P.200 X 2 =  (O # – E# ) 2 E#  X 2 = 0 it is hardy-weinberg equilibrium ( H 0 or null hypothesis)  The higher the value of X 2, than that obtained by chance, the more likely to be significant

18. How to measure evolution  Degree of freedom : number of categories that are free to vary indepenantly. df = total number of categories - 1

19. Questions 1a- population in game 2 1b- for game 2, we have high confidence because the probability of sampling error were less than 5%. For game 1, vice versa.. 1c- population in game 1 1d- population in game 2 because evolutionary force (natural selection) was acting in the population. 3a- by natural selection 3b-heterozygous individuals 4- aa= 0.7x 0.7=0.49 AA=0.3x0.3=0.09 Aa=0.3x0.7=0.21 = 0.21x2=0.42