1. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics David B. MacFarlane Assistant Director for EPP June 6, 2006

2. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics2 Summary of EPP program elements 200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020 SiD Atlas BABAR Full EXO EXO-200 Construction Data takingOngoing analysis R&D

3. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics3 The BABAR Collaboration 11 Countries 80 Institutions 623 Physicists Jawahery, Faccini

4. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics4 Pillars of BABAR physics program  Highly constrained and redundant set of precision tests of weak interactions in the Standard Model  Searches for physics beyond the Standard Model in a well understood & characterized environment oSensitivity to New Physics at LHC mass scales through rare decays and CP violation oDiscovery potential from large data sample across a whole range of beauty, charm, tau, two-photon, ISR physics oFull program of flavor physics/CP violation measurements will provide a legacy of fundamental constraints on future New Physics discoveries Challenging measurements at the edge of sensitivity benefit enormously from operation of both PEP-II & KEK B Factories

5. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics5 Integrated data sample to date Project Run 5 at 415 fb -1 delivered

6. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics6 BABAR & Belle physics results Journal PapersBABARBelle Total [Today]214172

7. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics7 Interference of suppressed b  s Penguin decay with mixing CPV in Penguin Modes List of channels continues to expand…

8. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics8 Summary of sin(2  ) in Penguins  sin  Example from recent calculations (QCD factorization) 2-body: [Beneke; PL B620, 143 (2005)] 3-body: [Cheng,Chua,Soni; PRD72, 094003 (2005)] Representative theory estimates Naïve 2 Average: 0.50 ± 0.06 (2.8  ) KSKS

9. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics9 ParameterUnitsDesignOct 20052007 goal I+mA214029404000 I-mA75017402200 Number of bunches 16581732 by*by*mm15-20118-8.5 Bunch lengthmm1511-128.5-9 xyxy 0.03 0.044- 0.065 0.054- 0.07 Luminosityx10 33 3.010.020 Int lumi / daypb -1 130727.81300 PEP-II overall parameters and goals 30% 40% 10% Factor 2! Seeman

10. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics10 BABAR Detector DIRC  PID) 144 quartz bars 11000 PMs 1.5T solenoid EMC 6580 CsI(Tl) crystals Drift Chamber 40 layers Instrumented Flux Return Iron / Resistive Plate Chambers or Limited Streamer Tubes (muon / neutral hadrons) Silicon Vertex Tracker 5 layers, double sided strips e  (3.1GeV) e  (9GeV) Collaboration founded in 1993 Detector commissioned in 1999

11. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics11 Projected data sample growth Integrated Luminosity [fb -1 ] 12 17 20 L peak = 9x10 33 oPEP-II: IR-2 vacuum, 2xrf stations, BPM work, feedback systems oBABAR: LST installation 4-month down for LCLS, PEP-II & BABAR Double from 2004 to 2006 ICHEP06 Double again from 2006 to 2008 ICHEP08

12. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics12 How does this compare with KEKB? Integrated Luminosity [fb -1 ] PEP-II (Jun 06) KEKB no crab effect (my guess) KEKB from Oide

13. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics13 Typically better errors for B A B AR despite larger Belle dataset Normalized performance ratio Updated performance comparison Revised from 2005 results; conclusions unchanged from 2004 study

14. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics14 Present and future CKM physics 2008: ~2%2008: 10 o 2008: 5-10 o 2008: ~5% 2008: New CKM constraint & new physics limits

15. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics15 Global CKM fit: 2008 95% contours

16. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics16 BABAR summary  Highest priority SLAC program with goal of 1 ab -1 or 10 9 BB pairs by Sep 2008 o Remaining hardware upgrades to be completed in 2006 o Performance and operational challenges of 2x10 34 well understood and in hand o Computing and physics analysis framework mature & scalable o Computing hardware needs being addressed across a set of Tier A centers  Physics opportunities remain exciting & competitive o New ideas continue to be invented; factors of two in sample size do matter, as new thresholds are reached in sensitivity o Possible hints for new physics in penguin modes will be addressed with the 1 ab -1 sample o Precision flavor physics results will in any event represent a significant constraint on new physics in the era of the LHC

17. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics17 Physics opportunities  Goal for 2005-2006: double current data set o Delay in Run 5 can be overcome by summer 2006 with extended running period, with substantial reduction in errors on CP violation asymmetries in rare decay modes o Error on average of Penguin modes should reach 0.06  Goal for 2007-2008: double again to ~1 ab -1 o Individual Penguin modes with errors in range 0.06-0.12 o Suite of fundamental Standard Model measurements with substantially improved levels of precision  Program will continue to be exciting and competitive through at least 2008 oSensitivity to New Physics through rare decays, CP violation, & large data sample with a significant discovery potential oFull program of flavor physics/CP violation measurements provide fundamental constraints on future New Physics discoveries

18. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics18 A concept for a 10 36 Super B Factory? Positrons Electrons Gun 3 GeV Dump 5 GeV 1 GeV DR Transport E+ source Make up  E Raimondi, Seeman IP Strong physics case for a 10 36 facility oMachine has significant technical overlap with ILC, including damping rings, acceleration sections, and final focus oAppears to be possible to reach 10 36 with substantially smaller backgrounds, allowing (re-)use of existing detectors

19. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics19 Possible element in alternative scenarios 200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020 Delayed SiD Atlas BABAR Full EXO EXO-200 Construction Data takingOngoing analysis R&D Offshore Super B LHC Upgrades

20. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics20 SLAC participation in Atlas Su Dong

21. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics21 Arguments for SLAC entry into Atlas o Allows exploitation of the physics synergy between LHC and ILC at the energy frontier Direct involvement in both is best path to gaining a first- hand understanding of the full physics opportunity ILC approval is now also tied to the initial outcome of LHC and its potential for new physics discovery o Responds to the needs of our user community o Experience in the operation of a new energy frontier facility by large collaborations is directly relevant for LCD o With completion of BABAR data taking in 2008 & construction approval of ILC in 2010 or beyond, there will be a significant gap of >7 years in our accelerator-based HEP program. Joining LHC an obvious way of maintaining & developing a healthy work force for ILC, by continuing to attract the best young people to SLAC

22. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics22 SLAC areas of involvement  With advice from ATLAS and US ATLAS managements, and many ATLAS US/Atlas users, identified 4 related areas of initial contribution: o Pixel detector commissioning and calibration, based on experience at Mark II, SLD, & BABAR o Higher level trigger, building on extensive SLD & BABAR expertise o Core and Atlas-specific GEANT4 simulation o Tier 2 computing center & eventually a west-coast physics center in partnership with LBNL, UCSC, and the larger Atlas user community  Roles are connected to each other, to our physics interests, and to our user community  Consistent with likely roles on ILC detector as well All areas with unique strengths at SLAC matched to a national laboratory role

23. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics23 Western Tier 2 center proposal  Proposing to be a premier Tier 2 center = simulation, calibration & detector studies, and physics analysis o Good data access and strong technical support is crucial for analysis o Proposal supported and developed in conjunction with LBNL, Arizona, UCSC, UCI, Oregon, Wisconsin Madison, & Washington  Will leverage existing & planned investments for BABAR o Investment level about 25% of typical BABAR computing needs o Proven management tools and scalable infrastructure o “Lights out” no operator 24x7 operation for last 10 years o Common CPU pool with BABAR can benefit both experiments by exploiting staggered peak usage o One incremental FTE systems/operations support person from Tier A; remainder of support directed to hardware purchases  SLAC, in partnership with LBNL & UCSC, will help support a vibrant west coast center for physics on Atlas o Many common interests in Atlas: pixel and inner detector tracking/alignment, trigger and event simulation, & physics analysis o User facilities exist to house many visitors on site o New mode for HEP that we are keen to develop with our users

24. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics24 Very active HEP theory group  Broad range of research pursued o Strings: Silverstein, Kachru o Collider Phenomenology: Dixon, Hewett, Peskin o B phenomenology: Quinn o Hadron physics: Brodsky o Assistant Prof offer pending – model building o Possible additional appointment in next 5 years, along with additional KIPAC/theory billets  Well aligned with existing and future experimental programs o Have taken an important role in developing Atlas participation o Will provide leadership in West Coast Atlas physics effort centered at SLAC  Active postdoc program attracting top candidates o Vibrant element of SLAC’s particle physics community Peskin

25. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics25 ILC Detector Jaros, Raubenheimer

26. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics26 LCD overall strategy  Factors driving development timeline o Technical requirements require significant large-scale R&D to realize beyond state-of-the-art performance, e.g., from particle-flow calorimetry o GDE pursues an aggressive TDR goal by 2009 o Scale of European R&D effort significantly larger: Need to increase US effort to maintain intellectual leadership consistent with EPP2010 report  Strive to develop coherent detector design SiD with US and international partners o Allows exploration of overall constraints and optimization o Key element is particle-flow calorimetry, requiring dense, highly segmented SiW electromagnetic and hadronic calorimetry o Large magnetic field, compact tracking follow from cost considerations

27. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics27 SLAC leading Silicon Detector Design Study oProviding Computing/Simulation infrastructure for all SiD oEngaging collaborators at Fermilab, BNL, Argonne, many US Universities. Developing international ties (KEK, Tokyo, Annecy, Oxford) oCoordinating & pursuing detector R&D  Si/W calorimetry and KPiX ASIC  Tracker design/Si microstrips  CMOS pixels for vertex detector oOptimizing & benchmarking SiD Design SiD detector outline document completed with 130 authors

28. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics28 Ongoing R&D goals for SiD at SLAC  Ecal o KPiX, new Si sensors, prototype, beam test, mechanical design, proof of principle  Main Tracker o Tracker Si sensor, prototype sensor modules, beam test  Vertex Tracker o Evaluate performance, mechanical design (with FNAL), develop sensor  Reconstruction Code o Perfect particle-flow algorithm, tracking pattern recognition  Benchmarking/Analysis/Design Optimization o Detector performance requirements, new physics analyses, global optimization, subsystem optimization

29. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics29 Expanding Effort on SiD  Present program is too small to maintain ambitious ILC timeline and leading role for US community o Initial startup of SLAC/Atlas effort presents near-term challenges for SiD effort, although symbiosis very healthy long-term  New SiD personnel allow us to mount ambitious program o Mechanical engineer, mechanical technician, computer support, postdoctoral researchers, simulation physicist, visitors  New SiD Si lab space tentatively identified o KPiX development, Sensor development  Additional SiD M&S would support proof of principle R&D as a key factor in overall design o PFA and high-performance calorimetry; compact silicon design  SLAC is a natural site to lead an ILC detector development effort with our user community o Engineering, construction facilities, computing & simulation infrastructure, test beams, a center for design and analysis activity, & established key areas of expertise

30. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics30 SiD timeline 200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020 SiD Construction Data takingOngoing analysis R&D

31. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics31 EXO: Enriched Xenon Observatory Rowson

32. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics32 normal hierarchy inverted hierarchy Most important questions in neutrino physics o Neutrino flavor oscillations imply the neutrino has a finite mass, but do not give an absolute mass scale: what is the neutrino mass scale? o Are neutrinos are their own antiparticles (Majorana)? Allowed hierarchy of mass differences and mixing angles 2 process occurs in the Standard model 0 process only proceeds if ’s are their own antiparticles (Majorana) and massive  For 0  decay, the rate ~ 2. ~(1 – 4) meV normal hierarchy ~(15-60) meV inverted hierarchy

33. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics33 EXO experimental strategy  Detect Standard Model 2 double beta decays o Use (liquid) xenon as source and detector o Xe 136 is a relatively easy isotope to enrich – and – EXO has 200 Kg on campus!!  Developing background free next generation experiment o Rejecting 2 neutrino decay backgrounds: Energy resolution in TPC using ionization and scintillation light o Rejecting external backgrounds: Use radiologically quiet materials to build and shield apparatus Locate apparatus in radiologically quiet area = deep underground salt deposit at WIPP o Turn experiment into coincidence experiment by detecting nuclear daughter of double beta decay of Xe 136 to Ba 136 (one single ion at a time!) Unique feature of EXO Identify event-by-event

34. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics34 EXO-200 will use 200 kg of 80% enriched Xe 136; it will not employ barium ion tagging. The goals of the EXO-200 program are : oTest the LXe TPC operation : energy and spatial resolution, chemical purity issues, mechanical design and all backgrounds due to radioactivity and cosmic radiation. oObserve 2  decay in Xe 136 for the first time and measure the rate of this important 0  background. oConfirm or refute the controversial claim of Klapdor et al. (Observation of 0  in Ge 76 → a mass of ~0.4 eV). EXO-200 project Develop barium extraction and detection in a parallel R&D program

35. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics35 Full EXO neutrino mass sensitivity

36. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics36 EXO timeline 200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020 EXO-200 Construction Data takingOngoing analysis R&D Full EXO

37. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics37 Summary of EPP program elements 200620072008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020 SiD Atlas BABAR Full EXO EXO-200 Construction Data takingOngoing analysis R&D

38. Strategic Overview for Elementary Particle Physics38 Summary of EPP program  An array of fundamental physics questions challenge our understanding of nature and the universe o EPP2010 maps out a strategy of leadership for the US program in addressing these questions o Central elements of this strategy are: Full exploitation of the LHC Development and eventually hosting of the ILC in the US Pursuit of astroparticle experiments, a new round of coordinated neutrino experiments, and further exploration of precision flavor physics  SLAC EPP program is well aligned with these priorities o Actively planning a transition from onsite accelerator-based frontier research at BABAR to a portfolio involving major contributions to the international program at Atlas, SiD, and EXO, or potentially elsewhere o Science has and will continue to be the driver for this program, with SLAC continuing its role a strong partner and national user facility