1. Chapter 5 Ethics ♣ ♣ Research Ethics: What Are They?   Ethical Dilemmas   Ethical Guidelines   APA Ethical Standards for Research Issues Raised by the APA Code of Ethics   Ethics of Animal Research    Back to Brief Contents

2. 5.1 Research Ethics: What Are They? Definition of “Research Ethics” A set of guidelines to assist the experimenter in conducting ethical research Ethical concerns (Diener & Crandall, 1978)  Relationship Between Society and Science    Professional Issues    Treatment of Research Participants    Back to Chapter Contents

3. 5.1.1 Relationship Between Society and Science Society  Government funding of scientific research Congressional influence on which studies are funded  Corporate ( 財團法人 ) funding of scientific research Culture Scientist’s own culturally based interests  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.1

4. 5.1.2 Professional Issues -1 Scientific Misconduct  Definition (by OSTP, 2000) Fabricating, falsifying, or plagiarizing (FFP) the proposing, performing, reviewing, or reporting of research results  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.1

5. 5.1.2 Professional Issues -2 (end) Scientific Misconduct  Other less serious issues (ex) failing to present data contradicting one’s own work (ex) changing the design to meet pressure from a funding source  Developing an institutional culture of ethical behavior --best way of combating this. Tab 5.1 Tab 5.1  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.1

6. 5.1.3 Treatment of Research Participants Welfare of the research participant was disregarded in favor of science  (ex) radiation experiment  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.1

7. 5.2 Ethical Dilemmas Ethical Dilemma  Definition—deciding if the benefit of the research is greater than the cost to the participants Primary consideration—welfare of the participant Role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)  Review research protocols to assess ethical acceptability of a study Tab 5.2 Tab 5.2  Use of the decision-plane model for making decisions Fig 5.1 Fig 5.1  Back to Chapter Contents

8. 5.3 Ethical Guidelines Respect for Persons and Their Autonomy   Beneficence and Nonmaleficence   Justice   Trust   Fidelity and Scientific Integrity    Back to Chapter Contents

9. 5.3.1 Respect for Persons and Their Autonomy An Autonomous Person Capable of making decisions and following them Participant’s Informed Consent Difficulties  Limited or diminished capacity to understand  Solution: Proxy ( 代理人 )  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.3

10. 5.3.2 Beneficence and Nonmaleficence Beneficence ( 善行 ) : doing good Maximize the probability that participants receive some benefit Nonmaleficence ( 不害 ) : doing no harm Minimize the probability of harm to the participant IRB : review  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.3

11. 5.3.3 Justice All participants receive equal benefits The research participants benefit as much as nonparticipants Difficulties: Can not be known prior to its completion  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.3

12. 5.3.4 Trust Researchers should establish and maintain a relationship of trust with the research participants. Compromised  Deception  Confidentiality ( 匿名，保密 ) not maintained  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.3

13. 5.3.5 Fidelity and Scientific Integrity Conduct quality research Truthfully report the research  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.3

14. 5.5 Issues Raised by the APA Code of Ethics Institutional Approval Informed Consent   Deception   Debriefing   Coercion and Freedom to Decline Participation   Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy   Ethical Issues in electronic research   Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report    Back to Chapter Contents

15. 5.5.2 Informed Consent -1 Informed Consent : informing of all aspects of the study that may influence the willingness to volunteer to participate Dispensing with Informed Consent  Fig 5.2 Fig 5.2  Not necessary (e.g., 人口普查 )  Impossible (e.g., field study)  Not reasonably be assumed to create distress or harm  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

16. 5.5.2 Informed Consent -2(end) Informed Consent and Minors Assent: agreement from a minor to participate ( 同意 ) after appropriate explanation Passive versus Active Consent Active: verbally agreeing and signing a form Passive: (from a parent or guardian) by not returning the consent form  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

17. 5.5.3 Deception -1 Types  Active deception – deception by commission Deliberately misleading by giving false information  Passive deception – deception by omission Withholding information by not giving all the details  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

18. 5.5.3 Deception -2(end) Objections  May cause participants to distrust psychologists  Potential for wronging and harming participants  Neither objection has occurred Fig 5.3 Fig 5.3 Alternatives such as role playing are inadequate Type of studies in which it raises ethical concerns  Studies that involve invasion of privacy and/or may harm the participants  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

19. 5.5.4 Debriefing Debriefing: A postexperimental discussion or interview about the details of the study, including an explanation for the use of any deception  Goal: Dehoaxing & Desensitizing Dehoaxing Debriefing the P about any deception used Desensitizing Elimination any undesirable influence  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

20. 5.5.5 Coercion and Freedom to Decline Participation Fig 5.4  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

21. 5.5.6 Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy -1 Privacy Having control of others access to information about you Two aspects to privacy (Folkman, 2000)  When and under what circumstances others get your information  You must be able to decline receiving information that you do not want  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

22. 5.5.6 Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy -2(end) Confidentiality Not revealing information obtained from a research P to anyone outside the research group Anonymity Keeping the identity of the research P unknown  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

23. 5.5.7 Ethical Issues in electronic research -1 Informed consent  Complicated because there is no clear distinction between what is public and what is private over the internet  How to obtain informed consent Can put a consent to participate form on line — Does the participant understand it — How do you answer questions about the study  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

24. 5.5.7 Ethical Issues in electronic research -2 Privacy and confidentiality  Hackers can obtain the data  But data can be encrypted ( 譯成密碼 ) and the only connection to the participant is the IP address  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

25. 5.5.7 Ethical Issues in electronic research -3 (end) Debriefing  Difficult to do If person terminates the study early If connection with the study is broken by computer crash or power outage  Ways to maximize probability of debriefing Have participant provide an e-mail address Provide a ‘leave the study’ radio button Incorporate a debriefing page into the program so it is delivered directly to the participant  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

26. 5.5.7 Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report -1 Principles to follow  Justice—who will be the author(s)  Scientific integrity—accurate and honest reporting Authorship  Substantial contribution: conceptualization, design, execution, analysis, or interpretation of the study  Contribution of a technical nature: acknowledged in a footnote ( 附註 )  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

27. 5.5.7 Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report -2 (end) Writing the Research Report  Presentation should be honest and written with integrity  Avoid plagiarism—not giving another person credit for their work How to indicate another’s work — Quotation marks — Indented material (citation)  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.5

28. 5.6 Ethics of Animal Research Animal Rights Alternatives to the Use of Animals Safeguards in the Use of Animals Animal Research Guidelines    Back to Chapter Contents

29. 5.6.4 Animal Research Guideline -1 Focus on animal welfare and not animal right Animal welfare Improving the lab conditions & reducing the number of animals used Animal right The belief that a animals have the rights similar to humans and should not be used in research  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.6

30. 5.6.4 Animal Research Guideline -2(end) 1. Justification of the Research 2. Personnel 3. Care and Housing of Animals 4. Acquisition of Animals 5. Experimental Procedures (p.173) 6. Field Research 7. Educational Use of Animals  Back to Chapter Contents >> 5.6