1. Causes of Diversity and Evolution of Life on Earth Charles Darwin Alfred Russell Wallace

2. Causes for Diversity of Life 1.All populations have the potential to increase in size 2.Many populations retain a constant size Many individuals die young 3. Individuals in a population differ in their abilities Some of these abilities affect survival 4.Best adapted individuals are most likely to survive and produce offspring (Natural Selection) “Abilities” are passed on to offspring (Genetics) 5.Over time the “abilities” of the population shift to include advantageous traits (Evolution)

3. Note: Natural Selection Affects Individuals Evolution Affects Populations

4. Net Result: Populations change with time to become better adapted to their environment (Evolution)

5. Example: Microbe Resistance Apply Antibiotic Survivor’s with Resistance Reproduce

6. How does it Work? Variation in the Gene Pool of a Population

7. How does it Work? Variation is a result of (1) Mutations and (2) Sex Errors occur in DNA Replication On average 1:10,000-100,000 genes per individual per generation Increased by exposure to radiation, etc. Most Mutations are bad or at least neutral What is “good” depends on environmental conditions

8. Evidence for Evolution

9. Evidence for Evolution: Fossils & Faunal Succession

10. Evidence for Evolution: Analogous Structures

11. Evidence for Evolution: Homologous Structures

13. Evidence for Evolution: Embryology

14. Evidence for Evolution: Biochemistry of Life

15. Evidence for Evolution: Gene Sequencing

16. Evidence for Evolution: Artificial Selection

18. Evidence for Evolution: Modern Examples

19. Some Interesting Effects of Evolution

20. Evolution & Psuedoextinction Species A Species B Through time Species A evolves into Species B In effect, Species A goes extinct

21. Extinction Species A Sometimes a species cannot adapt fast enough to environmental change or competition

22. Moa No moa, no moa, In old Ao-tea-roa. Can’t get ‘em. They’ve et ‘em. They’ve gone and there ain’t no moa!

23. Extinctions through time

24. Evolution & Speciation Species A Species B Species C Species A is separated into 2 isolated populations, each affected by different environmental conditions In effect, Species A goes Extinct

25. Speciation of Hawaiian Honeycreepers

26. Diversity Increases

27. Convergent Evolution

28. Coevolution: Plants and Pollinators

29. Coevolution: Predator/Prey

30. Relationships Between Living Things - Phylogony

31. Phylogony is Related to Classification Species Genus Family

32. Phylogony = Evolutionary History

33. Pseudo and True Extinction

34. Cladistics = Tool for Understanding Phylogony Based on Derived Traits NOT the present

35. SharkTuna Frog Dimetrodon Human Whale Crocodile Saurischian Bird Ornithoschian Time Phylogentic Tree

36. SharkTuna Frog Dimetrodon HumanWhaleCrocodileSaurischianBird Ornithoschian Cladogram

37. Horse Cladogram

38. “Unrooted” Phylogony of the Domains of Life

39. Major Steps in the Precambrian Evolution of Life 1.Origin of Life (3.8-3.5 Gyrs) 2.Photosynthesis (3.5 Gyrs) 3.Aerobic (Oxygen-based) Respiration (3-2 Gyrs) 4.Eukaryotes / Endosymbiosis (2.1-1.5 Gyrs) 5.Sex / Death (1 Gyrs) 6.Multicellular Life (800 Myrs) 7.Skeletons & Shells (600 Myrs) * All dates are approximate

40. Evolvovision Evolvovision (Ray Troll)