1. Institute of Technology, Sligo Dept of Computing LAN Design Semester 3, Chapter 4

2. Table of Contents Design Goals & Components Network Design Methodology Layer 1 Design Layer 2 Design Layer 3 Design

3. Institute of Technology, Sligo Dept of Computing Design Goals & Components

4. LAN Design Goals  Critical to design is insuring a fast and stable network that will scale well as the organization grows  Design steps are... 1.Gather & establish design goals based on user requirements 2.Determine data traffic patterns now & in the future 3.Define Layer 1, 2, & 3 devices & the LAN/WAN topologies 4.Document physical & logical network implementation

5. Establish the Design Goals  Although organizations are unique to the customer, the following requirements tend to be generic to all. The network must have...  Functionality--speed and reliability  Scalability--ability to grow without major changes  Adaptability--easily implements new technologies  Manageability--facilitates monitoring and ease of management

6. Critical Components of LAN Design  With the emergence of high-speed technologies and complex LAN technologies, the following critical components need addressing in design  Function & placement of Servers  Collision Detection  Microsegmentation  Bandwidth v. Broadcast domains

7. Placement of Servers  Servers now perform special functions and can be categorized as either...  Enterprise Servers--supports all users on the network  DNS and mail servers  should be placed in the MDF or...  Workgroup Servers--supports a specific set of users  file serving such as specialized databases  should be place in the IDF closest to users

9. Intranets & Collisions  Intranets are internal to the organization and are not accessible by the public over the Internet.  Intranet Servers use browsers to provide access to authorized users.  This has caused an increase in needed bandwidth. Therefore, design must address...  Type of data to be accessed  Server privileges  Outfitting desktops with faster connectivity   More processing power   10/100Mbps NICs to provide migration to switched technologies  Collision detection and minimization has become a major concern as users attempt to access the same server.  As we’ve seen, switches can provide dedicated bandwidth to minimize or eliminate collsions.

10. Broadcasts & Segmentation  Layer 2 devices segment collision domains  Layer 3 devices segment broadcast domains

11. Bandwidth v. Broadcast Domains  A bandwidth domain is shared by all devices on a single switched port.  Synonymous with collision domain  A broadcast domain is shared by all devices on a single router interface.

12. Institute of Technology, Sligo Dept of Computing Network Design Methodology

13. Gathering & Analyzing Requirements  Gathering data about the organization includes the bullets in the graphic.

14. Network Availability  Network design seeks to provide the greatest availability for the least cost.  Factors that affect availability include...  Throughput  Response time  Access to resources  In the graphic, what type of server is each and where should each be placed?

15. Physical Topologies  In the CCNA curriculum, we concentrate on the star/extended star physical topology which typically uses the Ethernet 802.3 standard.  Why? Because it is the most popular topology used in LANs.  The next three sections, evaluate the extended star by layers.

16. Institute of Technology, Sligo Dept of Computing Layer 1 Design

17. Ethernet Cable Runs  The physical cabling (also called the cable plant) is the most important Layer 1 issue to consider when designing a network.  Design issues include...  Type of cable to use (twisted-pair, coax, fiber)  Where to use each type (e.g. fiber on the backbone)  How far each run must travel before being terminated (twisted-pair is limited to what distance?)  In an existing LAN, a cable audit is performed to determine where upgrading and/or replacement of bad cables is needed.

18. MDF & Other 568A Acronyms  Whether the LAN is a star or extended star, the MDF is the center of the star.  From the workstation to the telecommunications outlet, the patch cable should be no more than 3m.  From their to the patch panel, called the HCC, no more than 90m.  From the patch panel (the HCC) to the switch, no more than 6m.

19. MDF & Other 568A Acronyms  When distances to the MDF are more than 100m, an IDF is normally added.  The cable run from the IDF to the MDF is called the VCC and is usually fiber.  VCC is just another name for the backbone.  By adding more wiring closets (more IDFs), you create multiple catchment areas (Click of graphic button)

20. What is the diameter of each of the three catchment areas?

21. 10BaseT and 100BaseT Ethernet  100 BaseT (also called Fast Ethernet) is now the standard for connecting IDFs to the MDF.  Although you can run Fast Ethernet over 10BaseT cabling (twisted pair), the distance limitation means fiber is most often used  The 100BaseT standard running on twisted paid is called 100BaseTX  On fiber, it is called what?  What is Gigabit Ethernet called?

22. Layer 1 Logical Documentation  Layer 1 logical documentation is concerned with...  exact location of MDF/IDF  type & quantity of cabling  room locations & # of drops  port numbers  cable labels  Notice Layer 1’s logical documentation shows nothing about logical addressing  The Logical Diagram and Cut Sheet are primary tools for design, but are crucial to the tech who is troubleshooting.

23. Institute of Technology, Sligo Dept of Computing Layer 2 Design

24. Common Layer 2 Devices  The two most common Layer 2 devices are...  Bridges and  LAN Switches  Both provide the added benefit of what?  Segmenting collision domains into microsegments.  Switches can also provide connections of unlike bandwidth (e.g., 100Mbps to the server & 10Mbps to workstations). This is called...?

25. Sizing Collision Domains  In a switched LAN environment using hubs, the bandwidth of each switched port is shared by all the devices. Therefore, they also share the same collision domain.  To determine the bandwidth per host, simply divide the port’s bandwidth by the number of hosts (see graphic).  In a pure switched LAN environment where each host has its own port, the size of the collision domain is 2. If running full-duplex, then the collision domain is eliminated. Why?

26. Migrating to 100BaseT  As long as your workstations all have 10/100 NICs, increasing the bandwidth is easy.  Replace the hub with a 100Mbps capable hub and patch the HCC into a 100Mbps port on the switch.  In addition, you can add another 100Mbps VCC from the IDF to the MDF, which provide 200 Mbps to the IDF’s switch.  In the graphic, the red lines represent migrating to 100Mbps.

27. Institute of Technology, Sligo Dept of Computing Layer 3 Design

28. Routers and Design  Routers provide both physical and logical segmentation.  Physically, routers segment what?  Logically, routers segment according to Layer 3 addressing dividing the LAN into logical segments called subnets.

29. VLANs & Broadcast Domains  As we learned in Chapter 3, VLAN capable switches help routers contain broadcasts.  The graphic shows two broadcast domains.  Notice there is also two subnets. How do we know that?  The router provides communication between the two VLANs.

30. Diagramming a LAN with Routers  Notice in the graphic that the two networks are kept separate by the router.  Each switch serves a different network regardless of the physical location of the devices.  To create another physical network in a structured Layer 1 wiring scheme, simply patch the HCC and VCC into the correct switch.

31. Logical & Physical Network Maps  After determining your Layer 1, 2, and 3 design, you can create your addressing (logical) and physical maps. These are invaluable. They:-  Give a snapshot of the network  Show subnet mask info  Help in troubleshooting