1. The Student Revolt and the End of Consensus Europe, 1965-1975

2. Background Hungarian Revolution U. S. Civil Rights Movement Counter Culture Politically-charged music —Rolling Stones, “Street Fighting Man” Opposition to the Viet Nam War

3. Years of the Rebellion European Students echo U. S. students denunciation of Viet Nam War. Anti-Cold War “Ban the Bomb” 3 rd Way and New Left Generational Conflict Anti-Government Anti-Consumerism Ambivalence of Media

5. Protests Around the World France—To the Barricades! West Germany—highly ideological Italy—highly Emotional Czechoslovakia—Prague Spring

6. Pro-western orientation in an unnatural country. Anton Novotny (CCP leader, 1948-1968) Food shortages, failed reforms 1967 Student protest over dormitory conditions. Slovaks walk out of 2 Plenums Anton Dubček, a Slovak, becomes First Secretary of the Czech Communist Party on Jan. 5, 1968.

7. Prague Spring “Socialism with a Human Face.” Basic freedoms Decentralized economic planning structure Ulbricht and Władysław Gomułka warn Dubček. July 1968-- Dubček offers to host Warsaw Pact wargames. Surprise visit from Brezhnev. Soviet Invasion, August 21, 1968

8. Prague Spring (2) 200,000 troops invade President Ludvík Svoboda (1895-1979) called for non- Resistance. Small villages renamed themselves Svoboda or Dubček to confuse invaders. Dubček and other reformers were kidnapped, taken to Kremlin, and forced to recant. Dubček was returned to Czech. and Soviets claimed he’d authorized the August invasion. Gustáv Husák, Soviet sycophant, made new First Secretary of CCP. Dubček made ambassador to Turkey then was denied return visa. Spent time with Czech forest service, but resurrected during 1989 Velvet Revolution.

9. 72 Czechs and Slovaks killed by Brezhnev Doctrine

10. “Mortal Blow” to Soviet Communism No further belief in top-down change. “Brezhnev Doctrine”—USSR and others could invade any socialist country. Anti-politics wave sweeps Eastern Europe. Vaclav Havel’s play “Memorandum” criticized CCP bureaucracy.