1. Genetically Modified Organisms: To Label or not to Label? By Robin Brown Emily Gruman Liz Andary

2. What are GMOs?  Organisms genetically altered through recombinant DNA technology  DNA is spliced from multiple organisms to form one “recombinant” DNA molecule Double Helix Structure (Wikipedia)

3. http://www.pub.ac.za/res ources/teach.html

4. What Are GMOs?  A tobacco plant that has been genetically modified to express a gene that was taken from fireflies (Wikipedia)

5. GMOs through Time  First GMO created in 1973  After years of testing and research, GMOs were introduced to farmers  In the 1990s, genetically modified foods became available in stores http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2004/01/20040121_b_main.asp

6. Genetically Modified Food  Potential benefits  Resistance to harmful conditions  Higher yields  Hardiness of crops  Possible nutritional benefits http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=18 857&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html

7. Benefits to Labeling  Consumers with allergy risks  Tracking potential contaminations www.minton.co.uk/gmo.htm

8. Comparisons of labeling laws

9. United States  GM Food is largely available  No mandatory labeling  No attempt to separate GM foods from conventional foods www.minton.co.uk.amo.htm

10. Europe  Past scares have fueled a widespread awareness about consumer safety  The right to make informed choices about their food  International trade laws Brandenburg, Germany “Greenpeace action against GE animal feed in a field growing GE crops. Greenpeace demands that two of Europe's largest dairy companies must stop buying their milk from farmers who grow Genetically Engineered (GE) maize to avoid potential contamination of the food chain.” http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos?related_item_id=89396

11. http://www.pub.ac.za/resources/docs/cartoon_gmo_approve.jpg

12. Problems with Labeling  Retailers  Negative consumer opinions  Cost  Additional man-labor  Food segregation systems  Impact on farmers

13. Cost Impacts of Labeling

14. http://weeds.montana.edu/news/ KPMGlabelCanada.pdf

15. Conclusion  Problems outweigh the benefits  Genetically modified food could solve many problems  Better things to be concerned about and to spend money on  Environmental sustainability  Alternate energy sources

16. References Bauman, Margaret. “Bill Aims to Require Labeling of Genetically Modified Fish”. Alaska Journal of Commerce 20 Feb 2005: A12. Branch, Shelly. “Kraft Foods Draws Consumer Ire For Its Use of Modified Ingredients”. The Wall Street Journal 6 Feb 2002. Crespi, John M., Marette, Stephan. “ ‘Does Contain’ vs. ‘Does Not Contain’: Does it Matter which GMO label is Used?”. European Journal of Law and Economics: 327-344. November 2003. Gaskell, George et al. “Worlds Apart? The reception of Genetcially Modified Foods in Europe and the U.S”. Science. Vol 285. July 1999. Golder, Geoff et al. “Potential Costs of Mandatory Labelling of Food Products Derived from Biotechnology in Canada”.. 1-66. 11 April 2006.http://weeds.montana.edu/news/KPMGlabelCanada.pdf Goldman, Karen A. “Bioengineered Food—Safety and Labeling”. Science: Vol 290. October 2000. Hansen, Kirsten. “Does Autonomy Count In Favor of Labeling Genetically Modified Food?”. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics: 67. 2004. Haslberger, Alexander G. “Monitoring and Labeling for Genetically Modified Products”. Science: Vol 287. January 2000. Miller, Henry I. “A Rational Approach to Labeling Biotech-Derived Foods”. Science: Vol 284. May 1999. Nelson, Laura. “Labeling Laws For Transgenic Food Come Into Effect”. Nature: p. 788. April 2004. Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. “GM Food Safety: Are Government Regulations Adequate?”. http://pewagbiotech.org/buzz/display.php3?StoryID=42. September 2003.http://pewagbiotech.org/buzz/display.php3?StoryID=42 Williams, Nigel. “Agricultural Biotech Faces Backlash in Europe”. Science: Vol 281. August 1998.