1. 3. (a) Code a procedure to accept details from a user relating to an unknown numbers of employee entries. Each time a specified number of new employees are added, their details are appended to the existing employee details, which are stored in a sequential file, called “EMPLOYEE.txt”. The required Employee details relate to Employee Name, Employee Number, Salary and Age. Furthermore, these details are required to be displayed to the user on request. (15 Percent) (b) Write a brief note on common programming errors that occur when programming dynamic arrays. (5 Percent) (c) Correct the error(s) in each of the following program statements: (i) Option Base 6 (ii) For x = 1 to 20 step – 2 (iii) Const X$ (iv) txtInput.Caption = InputBox “Enter the Value”, “Data Entry” (v) Open “RESULTS.TXT” As Output (5 Percent)

2. Data Files In all your projects so far, the user has entered information through text-boxes This input method is unsatisfactory for large quantities of data Many computer applications require data to be saved from one run to the next e.g. inventory records, customer files etc.

3. File Organisation The manner in which data are organised,stored and retrieved. 2 Common file organisations: –Sequential –Random

4. Opening and Closing Data Files Open the file. Before any data may be placed on the disk or read from the disk, the file must be opened. Generally done in Form_Load procedure. Read or Write the data records. Close the file.

5. Open Statement Open “Filename” For {Input/Output/Append/Random} As #FileNumber The Open statement elements shown in the chain brackets are the file mode, indicating the way that you will access the file. This is a required entry, so one of the modes must be chosen. The first three choices are used for sequential files.

6. Open Statement The FileNumber may be from 1 to 511 Record Length may be up to 32,767 characters Open “A:\DataFile.dat” For Output As #1 Open “C:\VB6\Names.txt” For Input As #2

7. File ModeDescription Output Data are output from the project and written on the disk. New data is written at the beginning of the file, overwriting any existing data Input Data are input into the project from the disk. This mode reads data previously stored on the disk. Append Data are output from the project and written on the disk. The new data are added to the end of the file. Random Data can be input or output, and records may be accessed in any order.

8. Opening Data Files When a data file is opened, the following actions are taken: –The directory is checked for the named file. If the file does not exist, a directory entry is created for this file (with the exception of Input Mode – which will cause an error message if the file does not exist) –For sequential files a buffer (an area of main storage) is created in memory.

10. FreeFile and Close Statements FreeFile function returns the next unused file number –intFileNumber = FreeFile –In large projects, file numbers are hard to track and allocate Close issued automatically when you end Issue Close statement before leaving prog. –Close #1 or Close #1, #2

11. To locate an available file number for a large project, always use the FreeFile function to locate an unused file number. You don’t care what number is chosen— only that it is available. Store the retrieved file number in a module or global variable so other forms can manipulate the files, if necessary.

12. Obtain an available file number this way: –Dim intFileNumb As Integer –intFileNumb = FreeFile ‘ Obtain next available file number –Open “ File.dat ” For Output As #intFileNumb Whenever you reference the preceding file, you do so with the intFileNumb variable rather than a literal (number).

13. Example: Private Sub cmdCreateFile_Click() Dim name1 As String, name2 As String ' Demonstrate use of Write # statement Open "PIONEER.TXT" For Output As #1 Write #1, "ENIAC" Write #1, 1946 Write #1, "ENIAC", 1946 name1 = "Eckert" name2 = "Mauchly" Write #1, 14 * 139, "J.P. " & name1, name2, "John" Close #1 End Sub File name Reference number Write to the file Close the file

14. Sequential File Organization Sequential file records are stored one after another Use Write to output data Use Input to read data File must be opened prior to first use Form: Write #fn, item 1, item 2,…, item n Input #fn, item 1, item 2,…, item n EOF function signals end of file

15. Output fields are placed one after another and end with If you create a form to add records to a file, the Open statement is commonly placed in the form Load event procedure, whereas the write statement is placed in the click procedure of an Add button. Input statement reads sequential data –Input #1, lblName.Caption, lblStreet.Caption –Input #2, stAccount, stDescription, cPrice When reading a sequential file, the EOF (End Of File) condition is raised when you attempt to read the n+1st record (n records total).

16. The EOF function is used to determine when EOF occurs EOF form: EOF(filenumber) Example reading sequential data file and populating two list boxes: Do Until EOF(intFileNumb) Input #intFileNumb, stName, stPhone lstName.AddItem stName ‘ add name to a list box lstPhone.AddItem stPhone ‘ add phone to a list box Loop Close #intFileNumb ‘ close the input file

17. Writing to a Sequential File Write statement places data in output Form: Write #file, o 1, o 2, …, o n You can separate fields with commas or semicolons Output fields are separated with commas, and strings are quoted. / ends each record Write #1, txtLname.Text, 54.89

19. Example (Adding a player to a BASEBALL1.TXT file) Private Sub Form_Load() Open App.Path & "\BASEBALl.TXT" For Append As #1 End Sub Private Sub cmdAddRec_Click() Write #1, txtPlayer.Text, txtTimes.Text, txtHits.Text txtPlayer.Text = “ “ txtTimes.Text =“ ” txtHits.Text=“ ” txtPlayer.SetFocus End Sub Private Sub cmdQuit_Click() Close #1 End End Sub Opening the file in append mode

20. Reading Data in a Sequential File Form: Input #fn, item 1,…,item n Separate fields items with commas File number must be that of an open file When you read the last record, end-of-file signals You detect end of file with the EOF function: EOF(FileNumber)

21. EOF returns false until end of file is reached. Typical read loop: –Do Until EOF(1) –Input #1, strCofFlavor, strRoastName, strRoastCity –Loop If the file contains five records, then EOF is raised on the fifth input execution, not on the sixth Input.

22. Trapping Program Errors Errors may be trapped asynchronously Visual Basic generates an error number whenever an error occurs To handle errors, you must –Turn on error handling feature: On Error... –Create error handling code –Determine what is to be done after processing the error (continue, end program,…)

23. Place On Error in any procedure that is to traps and processes errors Example: –Private Sub Form_Load() –On Error GoTo HandleErrors 'Turn on error trapping –Open "A:\Testdata.dat" For Input As #1 –… (more code here) –Exit Sub'exit to avoid executing error routine –HandleErrors: – ‘ some code to handle error –Resume –End Sub

24. A line label is a name followed by a colon on a line by itself HandleErrors is a line label Forms of On Error statement: –On Error GoTo linelabeltransfer control to label in module –On Error Resume Next skip error line & continue with next –On Error GoTo 0 turns off error handling

25. The Err Object The Err object holds information about error that just occurred Err.Source holds the source of the error Err.Number holds the error number Err.Description contains error description You can raise an error condition—turn on an error—with: Err.Raise Number:=xx

26. Err.NumberErr.Description – 7Out of memory –9Subscript out of range –11Division by zero –13Type mismatch –52Bad filename or number –53File not found (fnf) –54Bad file mode –58File already exists –61Disk full –67Too many files –68Device unavailable –70Permission denied –71Disk not ready –75Path/file access error –76Path not found –482Printer error Raise error 76 in program code: Err.Raise Number:=76

27. Coding Error-Handling Routines On Error statement designates error handler Code to handle errors follows line label Line label appears on line by itself and ends with a colon A Case statement works well to sort out errors with a "switchboard" Continue execution with Resume statement

28. Using Case to handle errors with a "Switchboard": –Select Case Err.Number –Case 53 'Handle error # 53 here – … –Case 71 'Handle error # 71 here –... –Case Else 'Handle all other errors here – … –End Select

29. Resume statement forms: –Resumecontinues with line causing error (careful!) –Resume Nextcontinues with line following one that caused error –Resume linelabelcontinues at line label, which must be in same proc Exit statement jumps out of structure--a function, subroutine, or loop Exit should be placed before line label of error handling routine so normal program flow doesn't drop through the error code.

30. Exit and Exit Sub Statements Exit Sub immediately exits current sub procedure Exit Function immediately exits current function Exit is used to prematurely halt execution of sub procedure or function when extraordinary conditions occur Place Exit Sub above error handling label

31. Saving Changes to a File When data changes, ask users if they want to save the changes before program ends Changed data is known as “dirty” data Keep track of data changes with a global boolean flag Any procedure that allows data to change should set the flag to True—indicating “dirty” data file Check file just before ending program

32. You should Unload all forms before executing an End statement. This triggers each form’s Unload event (and each Class’s Terminate event), giving you control at that point to check for “dirty” data files. The best way to ask the user if they want to save changes is in the QueryUnload event procedure. The QueryUnload event procedure obtains control when the (what else!) QueryUnload event occurs. QueryUnload occurs when the user: –clicks an Exit button or menu command to exit –clicks on a window’s Close button –or exits Windows altogether

33. QueryUnload procedure example: Private Sub Form_QueryUnload(Cancel As Integer, UnloadMode As Integer) Dim intResponse As Integer If mblnIsDirty Then IntResponse = MsgBox(“Data has changed. Save it?”, _ vbYesNo + vbQuestion, “Coffee List Changed Warning”) If intResponse = vbYes Then mnuFileSave_Click End If End Sub

34. Sequential File Prog. Example You can load a combo box by reading from a data file and executing the AddItem method Reading file & list filling halts when EOF occurs on input file

35. Random Access Files A Random Access file is like an array of records stored on a disk. The records are numbered 1,2,3, and so on, and can be referred to by their numbers. Therefore, a Random Access File resembles a box of index cards, each having a numbered tab. Any card can be selected from the box without first reading every index card preceding it; similarly any record of a random access file can be read without having to read every record preceding it.

36. Random File Organization Records are fixed length and have a record number (data type=long integer) for reference Fields are fixed length and position –Less data then length will be padded with spaces –More data than length will be truncated

37. Random File Example Read or written in any order Think of the structure being "like a table"

38. Defining the Record Structure Must be done before reading or writing Use Type/End Type statements Code in General Declarations Use fixed length strings –Specify length in Dim statement –Ex: Dim strFName as String * 20 Number variables do not require explicit length

39. Type/End Type Private Type Person intEmpNumAs Integer strFNameAs String * 20 strLNameAs String * 30 strPhoneAs String * 12 curRateAs Currency End Type Dim mudtPersonRecord As Person Open App.Path & "\Names.dat" For Random as #1 Len=Len (mudtPersonRecord) Note: mudt prefix for User Defined Type

40. Fixed Length Strings

41. Open Statement Once the random file is opened it can be used for both input and output unlike sequential files! If you open a file that does not exist, VB will create it as an empty file Once opened, data are available for read/write operations one record at a time

42. Reading a Random File Open an existing file for Random Use Get Statement to read the records

43. Get Statement Usually coded in Form_Load If populating a listbox or combo use a Do Until reach last record to read data Get #FileNumber, [RecordNumber], RecordName Get #2, 4, mudtPersonRecord Get #2, intRecordNumber, mudtPersonRecord [ ] indicates optional, if RecordNumber is omitted, the next record is read

44. Put Statement Use to place/save data in a random file File must already be opened "For Random" Place code in mnuFileSave, mnuFileClose or Form_QueryUnload Follow with a Close statement

45. Put Statement Example Put #FileNumber, [RecordNumber], RecordName Put #2, 4, mudtPersonRecord Put #2, intRecordNumber, mudtPersonRecord [ ] indicates optional, if RecordNumber is omitted, the next record is read

46. Accessing the Fields Get and Put operate on an entire record Reference the individual fields using dot notation for the User Defined Type

47. Accessing the Fields (cont.) Read using Get then update textbox Get #2, 1, mudtPersonRecord txtLName.Text = mudtPersonRecord.strLName Update field from textbox the Write using Put: mudtPersonRecord.strPhone = txtPhone.Text Put #2, 1, mudtPersonRecord

48. LOF Function Length of File function returns the size of the file in bytes Use instead of EOF used for sequential files To determine the highest record number in the file divide LOF by the size of one record LOF(FileNumber) LOF(3) intNumRecords=LOF(3)/Len(mudtPersonRecord)

49. Seek Function Returns the current location of the pointer = the next record in the file to be processed Seek(FileNumber) intNextRecord=Seek(3)

50. Trim Functions Remove extra blank spaces in a string Trim ==> removes spaces from both ends LTrim==> removes spaces at left end RTrim ==> removes spaces at right end Trim(String) LTrim(String) RTrim(String) txtLName.Text=RTrim(mudtPersonRecord.strLName)

51. Reading/Retrieving Records – Sample Code Sub GetRecord(lngRecNum as Long) Get #1, lngRecNum, mudtPersonRecord With mudtPhoneRecord txtEmpNum.Text =.intEmpNum txtFName.Text = RTrim(.strFName) txtLName.Text = Rtrim(.strLName) txtPhone.Text = Rtrim(.strPhone) txtRate.Text =.curRate End With End Sub

52. Writing Records –Sample Code Sub PutRecord(lngRecNum as Long) With mudtPhoneRecord.intEmpNum=Val(txtEmpNum.Text).strFName = txtFName.Text.strLName = txtLName.Text.strPhone = txtPhone.Text.curRate = Val(txtRate.Text) End With Put #1, lngRecNum, mudtPersonRecord End Sub

53. Using ListBox to Store Random File Key Field (p 413) When you Get or Put a record you need to know the record number To keep track of record numbers store them in ItemData property of ListBox When user selects a value from the list, read its ItemData property to retrieve the desired record

54. Updating a Random File Create routines to –Edit existing records –Add new records –Delete existing records

55. Edit Existing Records Display the record Disable all command buttons except Save and Cancel Lock text boxes for fields containing data you do not want the user to modify

56. Add New Records Clear all text boxes on form Disable all command buttons except Save and Cancel When user clicks Save write the new record at the end of the file If using a list box to store record numbers, update listbox by adding new data and record number

57. Delete Existing Records A common way to delete a record from a random file is to mark it as deleted rather than actually remove it If you were to remove the record you would have to move forward all the remaining records and change their record numbers Various methods are used to indicate that a record is to be treated as "deleted" –Write a special character in an existing field to indicate deleted –Include a "Delete Flag or Delete Code" field in the record description and mark it True to indicate deleted –“Y” and “N” or “A” and “D” (Yes/No, Active/Deleted) If using a list box to store record numbers, update listbox by deleting the record's associated data and record number

58. Deleting Existing Records Private Type udtEmployee strLastName As String * 15 strFirstName As String * 10 strAddress As String * 50 strEmployeeNumber strEmployeeNumber As Long strDeleteCode As String * 1 End Type Private mudtEmployee As udtEmployee mudtEmployee.strDeleteCode = “D” ‘marks record as deleted ‘when you add records to the collection, only add those without the “d”

59. Get #mintFileNumber,, mudtEmployee With mudtEmployee If.strDeleteCode <> “D” Then Add.strLastName, _.strFirstName, _.strAddress, _.strEmployeeNumber, _ Trim(.strEmployeeCode) End If End With

60. Random data files You can read/write data in any order Open “filename” For Random As #1 LEN=x Get #filenumber, [record#], RecordName RecordName is a user-defined data type: Type FullName strLastName As String * 20 strFirstName As String * 15 End Type

61. Random data files Output: Put Put #filenumber, [recordnumber], Recordname Put #1, iRecordNo, pCustomerRecord Get & Put statements read an entire record You refer to fields in user-defined structure by recordname.fieldname lstName.AddItem mRec.LastName end of file is calculated via record lengths

62. LOF function used to locate end of file for a random file LOF(filenumber) To find out how many records a file has, divide the file length by the record length –iNumberRecords = LOF(1) / Len(mMemberRecord) where mMemberRecord is a user defined record type and the Len function returns the length of a single record The number of records in a random file can be used to drive a For/Next loop

63. Remember, a random file DOES NOT have an end of file mark in the traditional sense Next record number (at end of file) is also calculated: –iRecordNumber = LOF(1) / Len(mMemberRecord) + 1 The Seek function returns the current location of the file pointer—which record is the current record. Form: Seek(filenumber)

64. Random Access Files One statement suffices to open a random- access file for all purposes: creating, appending, writing, and reading.

65. Suppose a record type has been defined with a Type block and a record variable, called recVar, has been declared with a Dim Statement. Then, after the following statement… Open “filespec” For Random As #n = Len(recVar) …is executed, records may be written, read, added, and changed. The file is referred to by the number n. Each record will have as many characters as alotted to each value of recVar.

66. Comments Random Access Files are also known as direct-access or relative files. Because each record has the same number of characters, the computer can calculate