1. Topic Database Modelling S McKeever Advanced Databases 1

2. 3 phases of database design S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 2 (1) Conceptual(2) Logical(3) Physical Need a systematic approach to designing and building the dB

3. Phase 1: Conceptual database design S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 3 –Step 1.1 Identify entity types –Step 1.2 Identify relationship types –Step 1.3 Identify and associate attributes with entity or relationship types –Step 1.4 Determine attribute domains –Step 1.5 Determine candidate, primary, and alternate key attributes –Step 1.6 Consider use of enhanced modeling concepts (optional step) –Step 1.7 Check model for redundancy –Step 1.8 Validate conceptual model against user transactions –Step 1.9 Review conceptual data model with user Step 1: Build conceptual data model

4. Phase 2: Logical database design S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 4 –Step 2.1 Derive relations for logical data model –Step 2.2 Validate relations using normalization –Step 2.3 Validate relations against user transactions –Step 2.4 Define integrity constraints –Step 2.5 Review logical data model with user –Step 2.6 Merge logical data models into global model (optional step) –Step 2.7 Check for future growth Step 2: Build and validate Logical database design

5. Phase 3: Physical database design S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 5 Step 3.1 Design base relations Step 3.2 Design representation of derived data Step 3.3 Design general constraints Step 3 Translate logical data model for target DBMS Step 4 Design file organizations and indexes Step 4.1 Analyze transactions Step 4.2 Choose file organization Step 4.3 Choose indexes Step 4.4 Estimate disk space requirements

6. Phase 3: Physical database design (continued) S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 6 Step 5 Design user views Step 6 Design security mechanisms Step 7 Consider the introduction of controlled redundancy Step 8 Monitor and tune the operational system

7. Our focus… S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 7 Will concentrate on the techniques for producing the Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) This is the typical design diagram for explaining The entities Their attributes Their relationships Key output from Conceptual data modelling Greater detail as logical and physical design progresses,…

8. Entities S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 8 Entity = “thing” “An entity is a business object that represents a group, or category of data.” Like a database table

9. S McKeever 9 Entities diagramatically Customer branches (a customer can be in more than One branch) Customer entity

10. S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 10 CustIDCustNameCustAddrCredit_LimCurr_Bal Dunn0001Dunnes Stores Main Street, Dublin £1000£15.45 CustIDBranIDBranNameBranAddrCredit_LimCurr_Bal Dunn0001RATH0001RathminesDublin 6£200£0.40 Dunn0001JERV0001Jervis St.Dublin 2£300£6.05 Dunn0001DAWS000 1 Dawson St. Dublin 2£300£6.00 Dunn0001WICK0001Wicklow £200£3.00 Entities as table - with data Customer Customer branches

11. S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 11 The DB is recording information about your customers and their branches These are examples of real-world entities An entity is any “object” about which we wish to store information in the DB (table) Entities are linked together by relationships CustID, BranAddr, etc. are data items or fields or attributes So what does that mean ?

12. S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 12 To set up that table in SQL... Create table Customer ( CustID char(10) NOT NULL, CustName char(50), CustAddr char(100), Credit_Lim number(10), Debtor_Bal number(10) ); select * from Customer where CustID = “Dunn0001”

13. Attributes S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 13 Attributes = “ways to describe the thing” “An attribute is a sub-group of information within an entity.” Like a database field Shown as list under the entity name

14. Keys S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 14 CustIDCustNameCustAddrCredit_LimCurr_Bal Dunn0001Dunnes Stores Main Street, Dublin £1000£15.45 Customer Primary key = uniquely identifies EACH row What’s the primary key here?

15. S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 15 What’s the primary key here? (can be composite.. More than one field CustIDBranIDBranNameBranAddrCredit_LimCurr_Bal Dunn0001RATH0001RathminesDublin 6£200£0.40 Dunn0001JERV0001Jervis St.Dublin 2£300£6.05 Dunn0001DAWS000 1 Dawson St. Dublin 2£300£6.00 Dunn0001WICK0001Wicklow £200£3.00 Customer branches

16. Keys S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 16 Foreign key = A column(s) one a table that matches the primary key on another table. CustIDCustNameCustAddrCredit_LimCurr_Bal Dunn0001Dunnes Stores Main Street, Dublin £1000£15.45 CustIDBranIDBranNameBranAddrCredit_LimCurr_Bal Dunn0001RATH0001RathminesDublin 6£200£0.40 Dunn0001JERV0001Jervis St.Dublin 2£300£6.05 Dunn0001DAWS000 1 Dawson St. Dublin 2£300£6.00 Dunn0001WICK0001Wicklow £200£3.00

17. S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 17 CustIDCustNameCustAddrCredit_LimCurr_Bal Dunn0001Dunnes Stores Main Street, Dublin £1000£15.45 CustIDBranIDBranNameBranAddrCredit_LimCurr_Bal Dunn0001RATH0001RathminesDublin 6£200£0.40 Dunn0001JERV0001Jervis St.Dublin 2£300£6.05 Dunn0001DAWS000 1 Dawson St. Dublin 2£300£6.00 Dunn0001WICK0001Wicklow £200£3.00 Keys Foreign keys – enforce referential integrity What happens if I (try) to delete customer DUNN001 from the customer table? X

18. What does each key mean? S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 18 Primary key = uniquely identifies EACH row e.g. student ID – everyone has a different one + Alternate key – could have been a primary key but isn’t. e.g. student ID (PK) and PPS ID (AK) = Candidate keys: The primary key and the alternative keys. A ny column or a combination of columns that can qualify as unique key in database. e.g. student ID and PPS number Foreign key = A column(s) one a table that matches the primary key on another table. E.g. student_school (on student table, links to table contains schools)

19. Entity attribute display in data models S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 19

20. Entities and tables S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 20 The words “Entities “ and “tables” are sometimes used interchangeably. But they’re not quite the same thing….

21. S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 21 Relationships between entities To start defining relationships between entities, first describe the way that they are connected in real life Let’s go back to the ERD in the quiz There are four faculties in the college: science, applied arts, built environment, business. Each student is registered on a programme within a faculty. Programmes consist of a set of modules, with some module offered on more than one programme. A student on a programme has to register for the compulsory modules on tphe programme and also take a number of optional modules. All modules have a unique module ID, and an associated credit waiting (ECTS).

22. S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 22 Need to be able to say “how many” of the entities Are participating in the relationship 1:1? One to one 1:M? One to many N:M? Many to many Relationships between entities

23. Sample Entity Relationship Diagram – book store S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 23 Note: The attributes are listed The data types of the attributes are listed What stage of the design is this? Conceptual, logical or physical? Imagine you’ve drawn this ERD What was the business description of the data requirements given in the first place?

24. Book store ERD S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 24 Imagine you’ve drawn this ERD What was the business description of the data requirements given in the first place? Some thing like – Need to store information about the book titles that we sell, In our bookstore, we store information about authors, the titles that they write. An author can write many titles. If the author has died they will have an obituary. The bookstore has many ongoing sales promotions that include many titles We categorise our titles along the usual lines – popular fiction, crime, health and so on We also store information about our publishers and who the main sales contact is in the publisher

25. Relationships between entities S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 25 When two entities are “related”.. There should be a word to describe this relationship e.g. EntitiesRelationship staff, branches Staff manage bank branches student, modules student attends classes newspaper, rentalProperties newspapers advertise rentalProperties You need to understand this “word” in order to figure out the information needed to define the relationship for the ERD On an ERD, need to know how many of each entity takes part in the relationship – question both entities about “how many”? e.g. For the Staff manages bank branches relationship Staff can manage how many branches at most?? A staff person can manage one branch Staff must manage how many branches at min? A staff person can have no branch to manage

26. Relationship cardinality S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 26 “eh…What’s the cardinality of your mobile phone spend in euro each week? Relationship cardinality is about assigning the 1:1, 1:n etc etc “Can” and “Must” get you there..

27. Maximum Cardinality S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 27 Can….

28. The 3 types of maximum cardinality S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 28 One to one 1:1 An employee can be assigned one computer One to many 1:n A mother can have many children Many to many m:nAn order can have many product and vv How can you tell the difference between 1:m and m:n e.g. Student and module entities. What’s the maximum cardinality?

29. Minimum cardinality S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 29 Must…

30. Minimal cardinality S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 30 An employee must be assigned ? computer A mother must have ? children An order must have ? product What’s the minimum cardinality* for our examples? * zero (optional) or one (must have at least one)

31. S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 31 Minimal cardinality An employee must be assigned ? Computer Ans: Depends on the rule of the individual company. Probably zero A mother must have ? children ans: Definitely zero (optional!) An order can have ? Products ans: must have at least one What’s the minimum cardinality* for our examples? * zero (optional) or one (must have at least one)

32. Maximum and minimum cardinality S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 32 Now we know how to get the maximum (can) and minimum – But it has to be done BOTH ways to complete the relationship. We only did ONE direction A computer can be assigned to one employee A child can have one mother A product can be on many orders Maximum cardinality A computer must be assigned to one employee -No A child must have a mother? YES A product must be on an order? NO Minimim cardinality

33. Maximum and minimum cardinality S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 33 Once Maximum and Minimum cardinality has been figures out Between the entities – then they can be notated in whatever design Tool you’re using

34. Just for reference - Data modelling notation: Erwin S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 34 Max Min Max Note: Solid line ____ versus Dashed line ---- in Erwin = identifying versus non identifying relationship between two entities

35. Create relationships: n:m relationships – intersection table S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 35

36. Drawing the ERD with what you’ve learnt so far… S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 36 Read the specification and make sure your understand it Figure out what your entities are e.g. sales, book title, authors Figure out which ones are related (don’t worry yet about the cardinality – helps to put the word in (e.g. “has”) Figure out the attributes of each entity Identify the primary key for each entity Any foreign keys? Identify the cardinality of the relationship

37. Exercise S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 37 A furniture company needs to develop a database to store information about its customers and sales Customer details need to be captured, such as name, address. The company wants to be able to report on what their sales – what each customer bought (i.e. what furniture items). They would also like to know what the items are. Try and sketch out the entities involved.

38. S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 38 S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 38 EMPLOYEE supervises is supervised by Recursive relationships

39. For reference.. Summary of Erwin symbols S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 39

40. Summary of Erwin symbols (cont.) S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 40

41. Some examples S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 41 Note.. The symbols right beside the entity tell you how many of “it” can and must apply to the other entity. How many companies can and must an employee belong to? (note: sometimes I I shown, sometimes I

42. Some examples (continued) S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 42

43. Some examples (continued) S McKeeverAdvanced Databases 43