1. 1 Lithium batteries Cathodes (partial list) 2SOCl 2 + 4Li + + 4e –  4LiCl + SO 2 + S MnO 2 + Li + + e -  LiMnO 2 (CF) + Li + + e -  LiF + C I 2 + 2e -  2I - Anode Li  Li + + e - Electrolyte Organic-based solvent

2. 2 Cathodes for Li primaries Chemi stry CathodeSpE Wh/kg VTemp. Range Life / Yrs PackageApplication Li/ SOCI 2 Thionyl Chloride 7003.6-55 -150'C15-20Bobbin hermetic weld Industrial/ commercial Li/ SO 2 Sulfur Dioxide 2602.8-55 - 70'C5Spiral, hermetic weld, vented Military/ Aerospace Li/ MnO 2 Mang- anese Dioxide 3303.1-20 - 60'C5Spiral, crimped elastomer seal Consumer Li/ (CF)x Poly (Carbon mono- fluoride) 3102.8-20 - 60'C5Spiral, crimped elastomer seal Consumer Li/ I 2 Iodine2302.70 - 70'C10WeldedImplanted medical

3. 3 Implantable Li batteries Copyright 2002 Wilson Greatbatch Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved (Li/I 2 ), Li/AgVO x, Li/CF x Designed for mA discharge, reliably over long periods of time. Smallest is 4 mm thick.

4. 4 Dendrites on metallic Li Li (m) is not a reversible electrode for long-term cycling. 1. Dendrites grow from electrode on recharging. This causes short-circuits when dendrites grow through separator. 2. High surface area of dendrites causes electrolyte loss. Source: LABORATOIRE DE RÉACTIVITÉ ET DE CHIMIE DES SOLIDES UPRES-A CNRS 6007l