1. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 01360972001 Chapter 4 Loops

2. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 2 Motivations Suppose that you need to print a string (e.g., "Welcome to C++!") a hundred times. It would be tedious to have to write the following statement a hundred times: cout << "Welcome to C++!" << endl; So, how do you solve this problem?

3. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 01360972003 Objectives F To write programs for executing statements repeatedly using a while loop (§4.2). F To develop programs for GuessNumber and SubtractionQuizLoop (§§4.2.1- 4.2.2). F To control a loop with the user confirmation (§4.2.3). F To control a loop with a sentinel value (§4.2.4). F To obtain large input from a file using input redirection rather than typing from the keyboard (§4.2.5). F To write loops using do-while statements (§4.3). F To write loops using for statements (§4.4). F To discover the similarities and differences of three types of loop statements (§4.5). F To write nested loops (§4.6). F To learn the techniques for minimizing numerical errors (§4.7). F To learn loops from a variety of examples (GCD, FutureTuition, PrintPyramid, PrimeNumber) (§§4.8, 4.10). F To implement program control with break and continue (§4.9).

4. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 4 while Loop Flow Chart while (loop-continuation-condition) { // loop-body; Statement(s); } int count = 0; while (count < 100) { cout << "Welcome to C++!\n"; count++; }

5. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 5 Trace while Loop int count = 0; while (count < 2) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; count++; } Initialize count animation

6. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 6 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while (count < 2) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; count++; } (count < 2) is true animation

7. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 7 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while (count < 2) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; count++; } Print Welcome to C++ animation

8. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 8 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while (count < 2) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; count++; } Increase count by 1 count is 1 now animation

9. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 9 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while (count < 2) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; count++; } (count < 2) is still true since count is 1 animation

10. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 10 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while (count < 2) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; count++; } Print Welcome to C++ animation

11. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 11 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while (count < 2) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; count++; } Increase count by 1 count is 2 now animation

12. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 12 Trace while Loop, cont. int count = 0; while (count < 2) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; count++; } (count < 2) is false since count is 2 now animation

13. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 13 Trace while Loop int count = 0; while (count < 2) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; count++; } The loop exits. Execute the next statement after the loop. animation

14. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 14 Problem: Guessing Numbers Write a program that randomly generates an integer between 0 and 100, inclusive. The program prompts the user to enter a number continuously until the number matches the randomly generated number. For each user input, the program tells the user whether the input is too low or too high, so the user can choose the next input intelligently. Here is a sample run: GuessNumberOneTime GuessNumber

15. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 15 Example: An Advanced Math Learning Tool The Math subtraction tutor program in Listing 3.6, SubtractionTutor.cpp, generates just one question for each run. You can use a loop to generate questions repeatedly. Listing 4.1 gives a program that generates ten questions and reports the number of the correct answers after a student answers all ten questions. The program also displays the time spent on the test and lists all the questions, as shown in sample output. SubtractionTutorLoop

16. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 16 Controlling a Loop with User Confirmation char continueLoop = 'Y'; while (continueLoop == 'Y') { // Execute body once // Prompt the user for confirmation cout << "Enter Y to continue and N to quit: "; cin >> continueLoop; }

17. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 17 Ending a Loop with a Sentinel Value Often the number of times a loop is executed is not predetermined. You may use an input value to signify the end of the loop. Such a value is known as a sentinel value. Write a program that reads and calculates the sum of an unspecified number of integers. The input 0 signifies the end of the input. SentinelValue

18. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 18 Input and Output Redirections In the preceding example, if you have a large number of data to enter, it would be cumbersome to type from the keyboard. You may store the data separated by whitespaces in a text file, say input.txt, and run the program using the following command: SentinelValue.exe < input.txt

19. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 19 Caution Don’t use floating-point values for equality checking in a loop control. Since floating-point values are approximations, using them could result in imprecise counter values and inaccurate results. This example uses int value for data. If a floating-point type value is used for data, (data != 0) may be true even though data is 0. double data = pow(sqrt(2.0), 2) - 2; if (data == 0) cout << "data is zero"; else cout << "data is not zero";

20. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 20 do-while Loop do { // Loop body; Statement(s); } while (loop-continuation-condition); SentinelValue

21. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 21 for Loops for (initial-action; loop-continuation- condition; action-after-each- iteration) { // loop body; Statement(s); } int i; for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) { cout << "Welcome to C++!\n"; }

22. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 22 Trace for Loop int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; } Declare i animation

23. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 23 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; } Execute initializer i is now 0 animation

24. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 24 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; } (i < 2) is true since i is 0 animation

25. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 25 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; } Print Welcome to C++! animation

26. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 26 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; } Execute adjustment statement i now is 1 animation

27. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 27 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; } (i < 2) is still true since i is 1 animation

28. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 28 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; } Print Welcome to C++ animation

29. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 29 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; } Execute adjustment statement i now is 2 animation

30. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 30 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; } (i < 2) is false since i is 2 animation

31. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 31 Trace for Loop, cont. int i; for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) { cout << "Welcome to C++!"; } Exit the loop. Execute the next statement after the loop animation

32. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 32 Note The initial-action in a for loop can be a list of zero or more comma-separated expressions. The action-after-each- iteration in a for loop can be a list of zero or more comma- separated statements. Therefore, the following two for loops are correct. They are rarely used in practice, however. for (int i = 1; i < 100; cout << (i++)); for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i + j < 10); i++, j++) { // Do something }

33. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 33 Note If the loop-continuation-condition in a for loop is omitted, it is implicitly true. Thus the statement given below in (a), which is an infinite loop, is correct. Nevertheless, it is better to use the equivalent loop in (b) to avoid confusion:

34. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 34 Example: Using for Loops Problem: Write a program that sums a series that starts with 0.01 and ends with 1.0. The numbers in the series will increment by 0.01, as follows: 0.01 + 0.02 + 0.03 and so on. TestSum

35. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 35 Which Loop to Use? The three forms of loop statements, while, do-while, and for, are expressively equivalent; that is, you can write a loop in any of these three forms. For example, a while loop in (a) in the following figure can always be converted into the following for loop in (b): A for loop in (a) in the following figure can generally be converted into the following while loop in (b) except in certain special cases (see Review Question 3.19 for one of them):

36. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 36 Recommendations Use the one that is most intuitive and comfortable for you. In general, a for loop may be used if the number of repetitions is counter-controlled, as, for example, when you need to print a message 100 times. A while loop may be used if the number of repetitions is sentinel-controlled, as in the case of reading the numbers until the input is 0. A do- while loop can be used to replace a while loop if the loop body has to be executed before testing the continuation condition.

37. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 37 Nested Loops Problem: Write a program that uses nested for loops to print a multiplication table. TestMultiplicationTable

38. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 38 Minimizing Numerical Errors Numeric errors involving floating-point numbers are inevitable. This section discusses how to minimize such errors through an example. Listing 4.7 presents an example that sums a series that starts with 0.01 and ends with 1.0. The numbers in the series will increment by 0.01, as follows: 0.01 + 0.02 + 0.03 and so on. TestSum

39. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 39 Problem: Finding the Greatest Common Divisor Problem: Write a program that prompts the user to enter two positive integers and finds their greatest common divisor. Solution: Suppose you enter two integers 4 and 2, their greatest common divisor is 2. Suppose you enter two integers 16 and 24, their greatest common divisor is 8. So, how do you find the greatest common divisor? Let the two input integers be n1 and n2. You know number 1 is a common divisor, but it may not be the greatest commons divisor. So you can check whether k (for k = 2, 3, 4, and so on) is a common divisor for n1 and n2, until k is greater than n1 or n2. GreatestCommonDivisorRun

40. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 40 Problem: Predicating the Future Tuition Problem: Suppose that the tuition for a university is $10,000 this year and tuition increases 7% every year. In how many years will the tuition be doubled? FutureTuitionRun

41. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 41 Problem: Monte Carlo Simulation The Monte Carlo simulation refers to a technique that uses random numbers and probability to solve problems. This method has a wide range of applications in computational mathematics, physics, chemistry, and finance. This section gives an example of using the Monto Carlo simulation for estimating . MonteCarloSimulation Run circleArea / squareArea =  / 4.  can be approximated as 4 * numberOfHits / 1000000.

42. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 42 Using break and continue Examples for using the break and continue keywords: F TestBreak.cpp F TestContinue.cpp TestBreak TestContinue

43. Liang, Introduction to Programming with C++, Second Edition, (c) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136097200 43 Problem: Displaying Prime Numbers Problem: Write a program that displays the first 50 prime numbers in five lines, each of which contains 10 numbers. An integer greater than 1 is prime if its only positive divisor is 1 or itself. For example, 2, 3, 5, and 7 are prime numbers, but 4, 6, 8, and 9 are not. Solution: The problem can be broken into the following tasks: For number = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,..., test whether the number is prime. Determine whether a given number is prime. Count the prime numbers. Print each prime number, and print 10 numbers per line. PrimeNumberRun