1. Restoration Period and the 18 th Century (1660-1798)

2. Monarchy  Charles II—marked beginning of Restoration Period  Exiled to Europe—invited back after Oliver Cromwell’s death  Set the tone of upper-class social & political life  Tried to emulate the sophistication & splendor of Louis XIV’s court in France  Reestablished Church of England  Parliament—shared power with Monarchy

3. Disasters  Great Plague—1665  Last major outbreak of bubonic plague  Killed an estimated 100,000 people (20% of London’s population)  Great Fire of London—1666  Uncontrolled fire that lasted for 3 days in central London  Destroyed over 13,000 homes and numerous government buildings  Few deaths recorded

4. Political Parties  Tories  Supported royal authority  Did not want war with France  Whigs  Wanted to limit royal authority with wealthy merchants and nobles  Wanted to limit French expansion in Europe and North America

5. Other Royalty  House of Stuart  English Bill of Rights—put specific limits on royal authority  William  Tried to oppose Louis XIV with Whig support  Began series of war with France  Act of Settlement—Parliament law that permanently barred Catholics from throne  Anne—last monarch in House of Stuart  Faithfully ruler who united Scotland & England

6. Other Royalty (continued)  House of Hanover (Germany)  Disliked by Tories  George II instituted 1 st official prime minister  Seven Years’ War with France  Britain acquired Canada  George III wanted more control  Angered many due to thirst for power  Lost American colonies due to political blunders

7. The Age of Reason & Enlightenment  People began to use scientific reasoning to understand the world  Apply reason so people could understand the natural causes of events  Scientific Method  Developed by Sir Isaac Newton  Still used today  Analyze facts  Develop a hypothesis  Test the hypothesis with experimentation

8. Enlightenment Philosophies  Inspired by Newton’s discoveries  John Locke  Encouraged people to use their intelligence to rid themselves of unjust authorities  Rejected divine right of kings  Asserted the rights of citizens to revolt against unfair government

9. Living Well  Improvement in living conditions  Development of smallpox vaccine  Wealthy aristocrats built lavish estates with beautiful lawns & gardens  Spacious new streets & squares in London  Coffeehouses  Gathering places for writers, artists, politicians & other members of society

10. Women  Wanted to be educated equally as men  Wanted to be allowed to join professions to strengthen relationship between the sexes  Salons  Private gathering places where women could participate in the nation’s intellectual life

11. Industrial Revolution  Period of major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology  Affected almost every aspect of daily life  Income and population grew  Living conditions differed greatly

12. Improvements in Industry  Machine Operations  Iron making techniques  Introduction of canals along with improved roads and railways  Steam power fueled by coal  Gas lighting  Printing  Chemicals

13. Literature of the Times  Social Observers  Middle class grew and prospered  Ordinary men & women had more money, leisure activities, and educational opportunities  New audience willing to read and pay for literature who wanted literature to be written in a clear language that they could understand

14. Journalism  Newspapers flourished—restrictions were eased  The Tatler & The Spectator  Satisfied middle-class appetite for instruction & amusement  Newspapers gave opinions on everything from social manners to international politics and did not report current events

15. More Literature  Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Dafoe  England’s 1 st novel  Written in style that appealed to the masses  Novels written in forms of letters & diaries  Samuel Pepys  “The Diary of Samuel Pepys”  Real life diary that provide a glimpse of life during the times

16. Satirical Voices  Satire was used to point out aspects of society that others felt needed to be changed  Aimed at the elite class  Neoclassicism  Modeled on the works of Ancient Greece & Rome  Stressed balance, order, logic, and emotional restraint  Focused on society and human intellect  Avoided personal feelings

17. Authors of Satire  Alexander Pope—wrote poetry that poked fun at ladies of high society  “The Rape of the Lock”—mock epic  Jonathan Swift—savagely attacked educators, politicians, churchmen & others that he saw as corrupt  “A Modest Proposal”

18. Literature Evolving  Types of literature that evolved  Biographies  History  Philosophy  Politics  Economics  Natural History  Poets began writing simpler, freer lyrics on subjects close to the human heart which led to the Romantic period