1. Perpetua, Felicity, and Martrys

2. Martyrs Sporadic (not constant!) persecutions of Christians –Suspected persons asked to offer a sacrifice to the emperor (wine or grain offering) –If they refused, could be put on trial and executed Ironically, fed growth of Christianity –Radical “witness” Meaning –Means of salvation Imitation of Christ par excellence Baptism of blood (faithful unto death) –Model for others Encouragement But not necessarily to be imitated: see editor of Perpetua’s story

3. Questions Do you agree with Perpetua’s actions or not? Why? How would you compare Perpetua’s actions to those of contemporary martyrs? –The “tank man”, Tianamen Square, 1989 –Buddhist monk’s self-immolation, 1963 –Archbishop Romero, 1980 Is it proper for her to rejoice in her immanent execution? Why or why not? Is it better to live or die for one’s beliefs?

6. Perpetua’s community Very mixed: male and female friendships, slaves and “nobles” “Montanist” group –Open to ongoing work of Holy Spirit (see intro) –Prophets and leaders could be male and female –Emphasis on visions, prophecies (speaking messages from Holy Spirit) Editor of Perpetua’s story (wrote intro and conclusion) shows these themes

7. Themes Family division –Christians are a new kind of family Ideas of discipleship –Special kind of imitation of Christ New kind of Christian literature –What did it mean to 3 rd century audience? Gender subversion –Men and women leaders together –Perpetua becomes male: athletic, courageous –“Disobedient” mothers

8. For next time Longer readings, but interesting Focus on Norris article –Electronic reserve: password “kloos –How does she define virginity? –Does she make these stories more relevant today? Why or why not? Thecla: How is she feminine? How is she masculine?