1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Chapter 1 Financial Management

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-2 Learning Objectives 1.Distinguish the four main areas of finance and briefly explain the financial activities that each encompasses. 2.Explain the different ways of classifying financial markets. 3.Discuss the three main categories of financial management. 4.Identify the main objective of the finance manager and how that objective might be achieved.

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-3 Learning Objectives (continued) 6.Explain how the finance manager interacts with both internal and external players. 7.Delineate the three main types of business organizations and their respective advantages and disadvantages. 8.Illustrate agency theory and the principal-agent problem. 9.Review issues in corporate governance and business ethics.

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-4 Definition of Finance Finance is the art and science of managing wealth. –It is about making decisions regarding what assets to buy/sell and when to buy/sell these assets. –Its main objective is to make individuals and their businesses better off.

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-5 Definition of Financial Management Financial management is generally defined as those activities that create or preserve the economic value of the assets of an individual, small business, or corporation. –Financial management comes down to making sound financial decisions.

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-6 1.2 Overview of Finance Areas Four main interconnected and interrelated areas: 1. Corporate Finance: set of financial activities that supports the operations of the firm. 2. Investments: activities such as buying and selling real and financial assets. 3. Financial Institutions and Markets which are the financial intermediaries that promotes the flow of money. 4. International Finance (the addition of the multinational element to the finance activities).

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-7 1.3 The Financial Markets Forums where buyers and sellers of financial assets and commodities meet. Financial markets can be classified by: 1.The Type of Asset Traded: Equity markets for stocks Debt markets for bonds Derivatives markets for options, futures etc. Foreign exchange markets for currencies. 2.The Maturity of the Financial Asset money market: maturity within a year capital market: maturity over a year

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-8 3.The Owner of the Financial Asset primary market :sale for stocks for first time secondary market: resell of the stocks 4. The Nature/Type of the Transaction dealer markets :individual buying or selling securities out of his inventory. e.g. used car dealership. auction markets :securities sold at same time to many buyers.

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-9 1.4 The Finance Manager and Financial Management The Finance Manager –Determines the best repayment structure for borrowed funds –Ensures that debt obligations are met on time –Ensures that sufficient funds are available for carrying out daily operations

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-10 1.4 The Finance Manager and Financial Management (continued) Financial management involves three main categories: Capital Budgeting: the process of planning, evaluating, comparing, and selecting the long-term operating projects of the company.(what business are you in ) Capital Structure: the means by which company is financed; for public companies, usually a mix of debt and equity sold to investors and owners.

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-11 Working Capital Management: the process of managing the day-to-day operating needs of the company through its current assets and current liabilities(short term day to day financing activities).

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-12 1.5 Objective of the Finance Manager The main objective =maximize the wealth of the owners. In public companies its maximizing the current stock price,while in private companies its maximizing the current market of equity of the company. Profit maximization vs. Stock price maximization Why are they not the same? Which one is more important? Its important to note that stock price reflect the company’s future cash flow.

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-13 1.6 Internal and External Players Financial managers have to interact with various internal and external stakeholders –Internal players include all the departmental managers and other employees –External parties(stakeholders) include: Customers Suppliers Government Creditors

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-14 FIGURE 1.2 A Basic Organizational Chart for a Company

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-15 1.7 The Legal Forms of Business There are three main legal categories of business organizations: 1. Sole proprietorship 2. Partnership 3. Corporation

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-16 Sole Proprietorship Is a business that is owned entirely by an individual. Advantages 1.Simplest and easiest form of business 2.Least amount of legal documentation 3.Least regulated 4.Owner keeps all profits Disadvantages 1.Owner pays personal tax rate on profits(which is higher than corporate tax rate). 2.Obligations of the business are sole responsibility of owner, and personal assets may be necessary to pay obligations (personal and business assets are commingled) 3.Business entity limited to life of owner 4.Can have limited access to outside funding for the business

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-17 Partnership Is a business owned jointly by two or more individuals. There could be general partners(operate daily business),limited partners(participate in certain aspects)and silent partners(participate only as investors). Advantages 1.Agreements between partners may be easily formed 2.Involves more individuals as owners and therefore usually more expertise 3.Larger amount of capital usually available to the business (compared to proprietorship) Disadvantages 1.Assets of general partners are commingled with assets of the business 2.Profits treated as personal income for tax purposes 3.Difficult to transfer ownership from old to new partner.

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-18 Similarities between Proprietorship and Partnership Unlimited liability. Limited life of the business. Potential difficulty in transferring the ownership of the business.

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-19 Corporation A business form in which the company is a legal separate entity from the owners.The owners elect the board of directors which selects the management. Advantages 1.Business is legal, separate entity from owners 2.Owners have limited liability to obligations of the business 3.Easy to transfer ownership 4.Usually greater access to capital for business 5.Owners do not have any personal liability for default Disadvantages 1.Most difficult business operation to form 2.Double taxation of company profits that are taxed before distributions and then owners are taxed again on distributions. 3.Most regulated e.g. annual reports.

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-20 1.8 The Financial Management Setting: The Agency Model Agency relationship :its the relationship between the principal (e.g. owners) and the agent(e.g. manager). Agency conflict: it arises when the interests of the principal and agent doesn’t match. Principal-agent problem: its the problem of motivating one party(agent) to act in the best interest of another party(principal).

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-21 Agency theory: is the name given to the processes surrounding recognition of principal-agent problems and ways to align the actions of the agents with the interests of the principal. Agency costs: costs incurred to align the agent’s interests with those of the owners and the costs associated with tasks that are paid but not performed.

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-22 Example of how to motivate the managers to act in the shareholder’s best interests In order to maximize the current stock price of the company (main objective ),managers should forgive some of their bonuses or compensations. Therefore, Stock option given to managers provide a solution through linking the incentives of the managers to the shareholder’s interests. Increase in stock price cause the increase the managers incentives.

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-23 1.9 Corporate Governance and Business Ethics Corporate governance deals with… –how a company conducts its business and implements controls to ensure proper procedures and ethical behavior. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, enacted in 2002, requires that –The CEO and CFO attest to the fairness of the financial reports. –The company maintains an effective internal control structure around financial reporting. –The company and its auditors assess the effectiveness of the controls over the most recent fiscal year.

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 1-24 1.10 Why Study Finance? Understand how and why financial decisions are made in large and small companies Helps individuals increase their own compensations Improves contributions to the success of the companies that people work for Understand the tradeoffs we face in making personal financial choices and help us to select the most appropriate action