1. The Western Intrusion, 1700-1914

2. I.Introduction  The Rise of the West  Reform and Revival

3. II.Western Dominance A.Russian Encroachments and the "Eastern Question" 1.Treaty of Kuckuk-Kainarji (1774) 2.Ottoman Territorial Loss Russo-Ottoman War of 1806-1812 Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) Rumanian Uprising (1848)

4. II.Western Dominance B.British and French Support 1.French Economic Interests 2.The "Great Game“ 3.The Crimean War (1853-1856) Treaty of San Stefano/Treaty of Berlin (1878)

5. II.Western Dominance C.French Encroachments 1.Napoleon in Egypt (1798-1801) 2.Algeria (1830) and Tunisia (1881) 3.Syria

6. II.Western Dominance D.British Encroachments 1.Aden (1839) 2.Egypt (1882) 3.Sudan (1889) 4.Kuwait (1899)

7. III.Reform Efforts A. Egypt 1.Mehmet Ali (r. 1805-1849) Economic and Social Reforms Military Reforms Failure

8. III.Reform Efforts 2. Khedive Isma’il (r. 1863-1879) Modernizing Egypt The Suez Canal (1869)

9. III.Reform Efforts 3. British Control Financial Crisis Dual Financial Control Lord Cromer (1883-1907)

10. III.Reform Efforts B.Istanbul 1.Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839) Modernization of the Military The “Auspicious Event” Sartorial Laws

11. III.Reform Efforts 2. The Tanzimat Era (1839-1876) The New Ottomans 3.Abdulahmid II (r. 1876-1909) Pan-Islamism and the Revived Caliphate 4.The Young Turks (1908-1918) Enver, Talat, and Jemal

12. IV.Revival A.Wahabism 1.Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792)

13. The Suez Canal

14. V.Conclusion The Horns of a Dilemma