1. Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function  ___________: study of how body works to maintain life  _____________________: how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury

2. A. The Scientific Method  1. Form a _________ hypothesis about observations  2. Conduct & analyze ____________ to test hypothesis  3. Draw conclusions about whether or not results support hypothesis  4. Develop a __________  = general statement explaining natural phenomena that is based on proven hypotheses Testing of Hypotheses  Involves:  _____________& _________ groups  Quantitative measurements performed blindly  Analysis of data using _________

3. Scientific Method is used to develop new drugs  When a new drug is suggested by experiments:  Its effectiveness & toxicity tested first in tissue culture, rats, mice  If effective & safe, clinical trials performed  ________ Trials: Toxicity & metabolism tested in healthy human volunteers  ________ Trials: Effectiveness & toxicity tested in target population  ________ Trials: Widespread test of drug in diverse population  _________ Trials: Drug is tested for other uses

4. B. _______________  1. Is maintenance of fairly constant internal conditions  Around physiological set points  Maintained by negative feedback loops Fig 1.3

5. 2. Controlled by Negative Feedback Loops  ________: Detects deviation from set point  ___________: Determines response  ___________: Produces response Fig 1.1 B. Homeostasis (cont.)

6. 3. Regulatory mechanisms:  ________ control is built into organ being regulated  ___________ control comes from outside of organ  By nervous or endocrine systems  E.g. nervous control of ______________ Fig 1.4 B. Homeostasis (cont.)

7. 4. Example- Negative Feedback Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose Fig 1.6 1-13 B. Homeostasis (cont.)

8. 1. Muscle Tissue C. Primary Tissues (muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective Specialized for contraction 3 types: ______________________________ Fig 1.7  Is _________; voluntary  Each fiber forms by fusion of embryonic myoblasts  To become large & multinucleated  Individually controlled  Lined-up in parallel to form bundles a. __________Muscle

9. b. __________Muscle  Is ____________; involuntary  _________ to form continuous fabric  ______________ between cells provide mechanical & electrical interconnections  Fibers not individually controlled 1-18 Fig 1.8 c. __________ Muscle  Is __________; involuntary  Found in many organs, tissues  Controlled by ANS Fig 1.9

10. 2. Nervous Tissue  Consists of _________ & supporting or _________  Neurons are specialized for conducting electrical signals Parts-  cell body  __________  _______

11. 3. Epithelial Tissue  Lines & covers ______________  Consists of cells that form ____________________  Regularly replaced  Squamous epithelial cells are flattened  Cuboidal epithelial cells are cube-shaped  Columnar epithelial cells are taller than wide SquamousCuboidalColumnar Fig 1.11

12.  Simple membranes are one cell thick  Specialized for transport  Stratified has a number of layers  Specialized for protection  Keratinized stratified squamous has outer layer of dead cells  Cells contain water-resistant keratin Fig 1.13

13. ____________ - Derived from epithelial cells  Secrete onto epithelium via ducts  Can be simple tubes or clusters called acini Fig 1.15

14. 4. ______________  Has lots of extracellular material deposited in space between its cells  Includes connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone & blood  ___________ connective tissue consists of __________ (fibrous proteins) & tissue fluid  E.g. dermis of skin _________________ connective tissue is packed with fibers of collagen (e.g_________)

15. a. _________  Specialized for fat synthesis, breakdown & storage Fig 1.18 4. Connective Tissue b. ________ Specialized for support, protection Made of chondrocytes & elastic extracellular material Serves as precursor for bone

16. c. Bone  Formed as concentric layers of calcified material  Contains 3 cell types:  _________: bone- forming cells  __________: trapped, inactive osteoblasts  _____________: the bone resorbing cells Fig 1.19

17. D. Organs and organ systems  __________- 2 or more primary tissues  ____________ - groups of organs working together to maintain homeostasis

18. Skin-The Largest Organ  outer layer - protective _____________  Middle layer - _____________ (contains connective tissue, glands, blood vessels, nerves)  Inner layer - _______________ (contains fat) Fig 1.21