1. The effects of shrimp farming on mangroves and the surrounding environment

2. What are mangroves  Mangroves are a tree that can get fresh water from salt water  They grow along coasts across the world  There are many species of mangrove

3. Here are three of the more common species

4. What’s the problem?  They are disappearing  Agriculture  Pollution  Human expansion  #1 Reason for depletion of mangroves; shrimp farming

5. Shrimp farms are artificially created ponds where intense shrimp raising occur

6. The first problem that shrimp farming creates for the mangrove forests is the physical land usage  Physical constraint of water flow  High turn over of farms

7. Mangrove loss  Mangroves in Bangladesh fell from 7500 ha in 1976 to 973 ha in 1988  Over half of the Philippine mangroves loss of 279,000 ha from 1959 to 1988 was contributed to construction of shrimp farms  In Indonesia 269,000 ha were converted to shrimp farms in 1960 to 1980

9. The second problem is the runoff from the farms  The farms have been having outbreaks of disease.  Hypodermal and Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV).  Clostridium botulinum A-E (toxin).  How does this affect mangroves?

10. Runoff continued  high amounts of chemicals in the runoff  chlorophyll a, nitrite, and ammonium  Changes the environment

11. There is hope !  People have begun to recognize the problems associated with the shrimp farms  Mangroves as a natural filter, (A two fold answer)

12. Unfortunately it did not completely work

13. More groups are taking active measures to help revive the lost mangrove forests and save the ones that are still around.

14. Ocean Trust Members Support Mangrove Research, Reserves, and Restoration

15. References  Barnoil, Jimenez. Infection of IHHN virus in two species of cultured penaeoid shrimp Llitopenaeus Vannamei and Litopenaeus Stylirostris in Ecuador. Aquaculture Research.1999 695-703.  Gautier, Dominique. The use of Mangrove Wetland as a Biofilter to Treat Shrimp Pond Effluents: Preliminary results of an experiment on the Caribbean Coast of Columbia. Aquaculture Research. 2001 787-799.  Lilitha, K.V. Sensitivity of Lilapia to Clostridium Botulinum toxins. Aquaculture Research. 2001 761-764.  McKinnon, A.D. Water Column Production and nutrient characteristics in Mangrove Creeks Receiving Shrimp Farm Effluent. Aquaculture Research. 2002 53-73  Thornton, Coralie. From Wetlands to Wastelands: Impacts of Shrimp Farming. Environmental Justice Foundation. www.ejfoundation.org. www.ejfoundation.org