1. Astronomy 101 Planetarium Lab Instructor: Brian Pohl ConOps: Craig Zdanowicz www.physics.unc.edu/~bpohl/

2. 2 A before-thought Ludwig Wittgenstein: “Tell me, why do people always say it was natural for man to assume that the Sun went round the Earth rather than that the Earth went round the Sun?” Friend: “Well, obviously because it just looks as though the Sun is going round the Earth.” W: “Well, what would it have looked like if it had looked as though the Earth was going round the Sun??”

3. What can we observe to make astronomical observations?

4. 4 Stonehenge, England (c.2500-2000 BCE)

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7. 7 Mayan & Aztecs (500 – 1500 ACE)

8. 8 Mayan Dresden Codex

9. 9 Astrology

10. 10 Astrological “Ages” “When the moon is in the Seventh House And Jupiter aligns with Mars Then peace will guide the planets And love will steer the stars This is the dawning of the age of Aquarius The age of Aquarius” - Hair, the musical © (Rado, Ragni, 1967) The precession of the Earth changes the “age” we live in –Great Year = 25,800 years –Great Month = 2,150 years –Age of Aquarius → ~ 2150 C.E.

11. Planetarium Show Loooooooook Up!!!!

12. How do the motions of the Sun and Moon give us days, months, and years?

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14. 14 Sidereal vs. Synodic Months

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16. Lab Procedure: Measure the length of the day, month, and year

17. 17 Calibrations At home, calibrated personal tools (pinkie, thumb, fist, extended hand) to a ruler, pg. 171 Calibrate hand angles with seat arrangement –Each place in theater sees differently because closer to some stars than others, Fig 2 –Measure distance with hand, fist, thumb, pinkie from Spica to 5 different stars around it, column 1 –Use formula, e.g. : 1h + 1f + 2t +1.5p –Compare this to real value you would get if you were outside (I ’ ll tell you this), column 2 –At home, calculate calibration ratio, column 3 DO NOT TURN IN CALIBRATION EXERCISE

18. 18 Length of Day Take measurement every 1/2 hour, [col. 1] Measure distance from Spica to Meridian, [col. 3] –Sign of angle is (-) if east of meridian, (+) if west Calculate the angle from hand-fist measurements Multiply by calibration ratio, [col. 4] Change from previous angle to current angle, [col. 5] –Row (n), col. 5 = row (n) - row (n-1), col. 4 –You are looking for the change in position over time Hourly rate, [col 6] = col 5 / col 2 Calculate average rate, then length of day –Average rate over 360° is the length of time Percent error using number from book

19. 19 Length of Month Measure daily intervals Sidereal month - how long it takes moon to get back to same position relative to stars Measure moons distance from Spica –[col 3] –Watch sign! Fill out table same way as before Calculate length of sidereal lunar month Percent error compared to value in book

20. 20 Length of Year Measure weekly intervals, [col 1] Sidereal Year – how long it takes Sun to get back to same position relative to the stars Distance from Sun to Spica, [col 3] –Watch Sign as well! Fill out table same as length of day Calculate length of sidereal year in terms of weeks Percent error compared to book

21. 21 Lab Write-Up 4 tables, filled out –1 sample calculation for each type of column in a table Equations, work, and RESULTS: –length of day, month, and year Equation, work, and results for percent (%) errors Summary and error sources (2) –Food for thought regarding error: What is the thing you are measuring? What is your measuring device ? What is the single greatest aspect of the lab procedure that may inhibit measuring the ‘ correct ’ value? Turn in original data sheet, re-write hand-calibration numbers on the inside cover of your lab book for safe-keeping –H-F-F values (fist = x deg, thumb = y deg, etc.) –Average Calibration Ratio (very important!!) –5 numbers, essentially

22. Visit office hours or email me if you have questions! bpohl@physics.unc.edu www.physics.unc.edu/~bpohl/ bpohl@physics.unc.edu Rm 403 Morehead Wed, Thu (week-of-lab) 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm Mon, Tue (week-after-lab) 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm