1. New Yorker, Oct 9, 2000

2. Ergogenic aids fall into two categories: Physical –cheering, music, altitude training, sauna and massage, psychology etc. Chemical and pharmacological –anabolic steroids, stimulants, narcotic analgesics, beta blockers, diuretics, amino acids, vitamins etc.

3. Ergogenic Aids: History of Use Ancient Greek Olympians ate mushrooms; As long ago as the third century BC, there were reports of Olympians taking potions of go-faster "ground-up hooves of ass boiled in oil and rose-hips" Aztec athletes ate human hearts In late 1800s, European cyclists took heroin, cocaine "speedballs," and ether-soaked sugar tablets—first drug- related fatality in 1886 Winner of 1904 Olympic marathon took strychnine and brandy during race Winner of 1920 Olympic 100-m dash drank sherry with raw egg before race Development and use of anabolic steroids in 1950s In 1960 Olympics, Danish cyclist died in road race from amphetamine overuse In 1967 Tour de France, famed British cyclist, Tim Simpson, also died from amphetamine overuse Olympic testing began in 1968 for stimulants Victor Conte, Jr., BALCO founder, convicted in 2004 of providing designer steroids/supplements for numerous athletes in professional football, baseball, and track and field

4. Ergogenic Aids: History of Use Development of Dianabol East German female swimmers of 1970s- 1980s Cyclists deaths (1987- 1990) Chinese female swimmers (1992-1994) 1998 Tour de France

5. 27 Chinese athletes removed from team Bulgarian and Romanian weightlifting teams expelled USATF relinquished drug testing –alleged >12 positive tests not reported previous 2 years

6. Desire to Win by Elite Athletes: Fear of disgrace and loss of personal income is greater than fear of harm 195 of 198 athletes would take illegal drug if assured of not being caught 50% would take illegal drug even if side effects were lethal in 5 years A 1997 SI survey of elite US athletes asked whether they would take an illegal drug that guaranteed an Olympic gold medal. Bamberger, M. and D. Yaeger. Over the edge. Sports Illustrated. April 14, 62-72, 1997.

7. Ergogenic aids: placebo effect Ariel & Savill, MSSE, 1972

8. Increasing Muscle Mass Anabolic steroids Growth hormone Protein supplements

9. Protein Supplementation Research suggests that athletes have 2-3X RDA higher protein needs Typical American athletes already consume this amount Increased carbohydrate intake likely more important to increasing muscle mass

10. Anabolic Steroids Male hormones have anabolic effects –accelerated growth of muscle, bone, and red blood cells Anabolic steroids are synthetic relatives to testosterone –high-volume training needed for beneficial effects –inhibit protein breakdown

11. Anabolic Steroids: Secondary Effects Androgenic effects –males: testicular atrophy, breast development,  sperm count, acne –females: masculinization, facial & chest hair growth, deepening of voice, acne Additional effects –aggressiveness, mood swings, altered glucose metabolism, thyroid, lipid profiles

12. Commonly Used Anabolic Steroids Testosterone Stanazolol Nandrolone DHEA Androstenedione

13. DHEA and Androstenedione: Precursors of Testosterone

14. Androstenedione DHT Testosterone Estrone (E 1 ) Estradiol (E 2 ) DHEA

15. Effects of DHEA and androstenedione after 12 weeks of training Wallace et al., MSSE, 1999

16. Life-shortening effects of exogenous anabolic steroid use in mice. Bronson & Matherne, MSSE, 1997.

17. Increasing Energy Supply Carbohydrate availability –feeding before/during competition –enhancing fat use  fat utilization Creatine –PCr vital for ATP production during power/speed events Glucose

18. Sport Nutrition: Carbohydrate

19. Effect of Dietary CHO on Muscle Glycogen Repletion

20. Effect of CHO feeding during prolonged exercise to exhaustion Coyle et al., JAP, 1986

21. Sport Nutrition: Sport Drinks [CHO] affects fluid absorption rate in gut –Gatorade – 6% –Exceed – 7.2% –Coca-Cola – ~11% –Sprite – 10.2% –cranberry juice – 15% –orange juice – 11.8%

22. Sport Nutrition: Carbohydrate Before exercise CHO intake “top off” liver glycogen stores During prolonged exercise CHO intake helps maintain blood glucose and spares liver glycogen After exercise high CHO intake increases rate of glycogen storage protein (~6 g) ingestion will stimulate protein synthesis

23. Sport Nutrition Minerals & Vitamins B vitamins used to make mitochondrial enzymes Vitamin D aids in skeletal Ca 2+ absorption Vitamin K aids in ETC calcium used in contraction and skeletal system iron is essential component of hemoglobin

24. Increasing Fat Availability High fat intake  intramuscular fat stores, but doesn’t benefit performance Caffeine – fat availability and  carbohydrate use? –spares carbohydrate stores? Other nutritional products

25. Creatine Supplementation Cr essential to maintain ATP at exercise onset effects of supplementation on performance –no benefit to single-bout exercise –diminishes fatigue during multiple-bout exercise allows for increased training volume

26. PCr Resynthesis Following Electrical Stimulation * Greenhaff et al., 1994

27. Increasing O 2 Delivery Blood doping – RBC and blood volume Altitude training –live high, train low EPO –stimulates RBC production Lasse Viren, Finnish winner of 5k and 10k in 1972 and 1976 Olympics

28. Performance After Inhalation of 100% O 2 Why doesn’t breathing 100% O 2 benefit performance?

29. Effect of blood doping on VO 2max and fatigue

30. Performance after blood doping

31. Other Banned Substances Stimulants – masks fatigue –ephedrine, cocaine, amphetamines Painkillers –narcotics Diuretics –rapid weight loss –masks steroid use

32. Dehydration and Performance Saltin & Costill, 1988

33. Buffering Acid Accumulation sodium bicarbonate – buffers acid, improves high-intensity exercise (1- 10 min)  rate of lactic acid transport out of muscle

34. Effect of Bicarbonate Loading

35. Ergogenic Aids for Improving Athletic Performance Summary Use of banned substances is widespread at all levels Detecting banned substances doesn’t keep up with continual modification of banned drugs Many claims of OTC substances as ergogenic aids are unfounded Future of performance enhancement will be alternation of genetic coding

36. Design an ergogenic aid for a(n) endurance athlete speed athlete power athlete Explain the physiological mechanism for how this ergogenic aid works

37. Research supports the benefits of ____ for enhancing performance of elite endurance athletes. a.a high-CHO diet during training b.consuming CHO during prolonged exercise c.consuming amino acids during prolonged exercise d.ingesting bicarbonate e.all of the above are beneficial f.only a and b are beneficial

38. Which of the following statements is true? a.Breathing 100% O 2 during exercise will increase the amount of O 2 available to working muscle. b.Increasing the number of RBCs will increase the amount of O 2 available to working muscle. c.“Live high and train low” is more beneficial to performance than “live high and train high” as training volume is greater when training “low.” d.all of the above are true e.only b and c are true f.none of the above are true

39. Taking bicarbonate prior to competition a.will cause GI distress b.will not benefit performance for a 5-km race (15-20 min) c.may increase H + transport from muscle d.all of the above are correct e.only a and c are correct