1. 1Chapter 22, 23, 24 Biodiversity

2. Key Concepts Ch. 22  Human effects on biodiversity  Importance of biodiversity  How human activities affect wildlife  Management of wildlife

3. Human Impacts on Biodiversity Fig. 22-2 p. 561

4. Increasing Biodiversity  Physically diverse habitat  Moderate environmental disturbance  Small variations in conditions  Middle stages of ecological succession

5. Decreasing Biodiversity  Environmental stress  Large environmental disturbance  Extreme environmental conditions  Severe limiting factors  Introduction of alien species  Geographic isolation

6. US Diversity Fig. 22-3 p. 562

7. Strategies for Protecting Biodiversity  Species approach  Ecosystem approach Fig. 22-5 p. 563

8. Species Extinction  Local extinction  Ecological extinction  Biological extinction

9. Endangered and Threatened Species  Endangered species  Threatened (vulnerable) species  Rare species Fig. 22-7 p. 564 Florida manatee Northern spotted owl (threatened) Gray wolfFlorida panther Bannerman's turaco (Africa) © 2004 Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning

10. Extinction Risks  Factors: population size, habitat, and genetics  Population viability analysis  Minimum viable population  Minimum dynamic area  Characteristics of extinction-prone species (refer to Fig. 22-8 p. 566)

11. Extinction Rates  Background (natural) rate of extinction  Mass extinction  Adaptive radiations

12. Why Should We Care About Biodiversity?  Instrumental value  Intrinsic value See Spotlight p. 571 Fig. 22-10p. 569

13. Causes of Depletion of Wild Species  Human population growth  Failure to value the environment or ecological services  Increasing per capita resource use  Increasing use of Earth’s primary productivity  Poverty

14. Causes of Premature Extinction of Wild Species  Habitat degradation  Introduction of non-native species Fig. 22-12 p. 572

15. Threats from Nonnative Species Arrival Roles of non- native species Examples (p. 576) See Connections p. 577 and Case Study p. 579 Fig. 22-19 p. 579

16. Other Extinction Threats Hunting and Poaching Predators and Pest Control Exotic Pets and Decorative Plants Climate Change and Pollution

17. Protecting Wild Species: The Research and Legal Approaches  Bioinformatics  International Treaties: CITES  National Laws:Lacey Act Endangered Species Act  Habitat conservation plans

18. Protecting Wild Species: The Sanctuary Approach  Wildlife refuges and protected areas  Zoos and Aquariums  Gene banks, botanical gardens, and farms

19. Wildlife Management  Laws regulating hunting and fishing  Harvest quotas  Population management plants  Improving habitat  Treaties and laws for migrating species

20. Key Concepts Ch. 23  Human land use  Types and uses of US public lands  Forests and forest management  Implications of deforestation  Management of parks  Establishment and management of nature preserves  Importance of ecological restoration

21. Land Use in the World Fig. 23-2 p. 595

22. Land Use in the United States Fig. 23-3 p. 595 Rangeland and pasture 29%

23. Types of US Public Lands  Multiple-use lands: National Forests; National Resource Lands  Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges  Restricted-use lands: National Park System; National Wilderness Preservation System

24. US Public Lands Fig. 23-4 p. 596

25. Managing US Public Land  Biodiversity and ecological function  No subsidies or tax breaks for use  Public should get fair compensation  Users held responsible for actions  Takings and property rights

26. Managing and Sustaining Forests Ecological Importance of Forests  Food webs and energy flow  Water regulation  Local and regional climate  Numerous habitats and niches  Air purification

27. Managing and Sustaining Forests Economic Importance of Forests  Fuelwood (50% of global forest use)  Industrial timber and lumber  Pulp and paper  Medicines  Mineral extraction and recreation

28. Forest Structure Fig. 23-9 p. 601

29. Types of Forests  Old-growth (frontier) forests  Second-growth forests  Tree farms/plantation Fig. 23-18 p. 609

30. Forest Management  Even-aged management  Industrial forestry  Uneven-aged management  Improved diversity  Sustainable production  Multiple-use  Rotation cycle

31. Management Strategies Fig. 23-11 p. 601 Fig. 23-12 p. 602

32. Logging Roads  Increased erosion and runoff  Habitat fragmentation  Pathways for exotic species  Accessibility to humans Fig. 23-13 p. 602

33. Harvesting Trees  Selective cutting  High-grading  Shelterwood cutting  Seed-tree cutting  Clearcutting  Strip cutting Fig. 23-14 p. 603

34. Sustainable Forestry  Longer rotations  Selective or strip cutting  Minimize fragmentation  Improved road building techniques  Certified sustainable grown (See Solutions p. 598)

35. Pathogens Fungal Diseases Insect Pests  Bark beetles  Gypsy moth  Chestnut blight  Dutch elm disease

36. Fire  Surface fires  Crown fires Fig. 23-17 p. 607

37. Forest Resources and Management in the United States  Habitat for threatened and endangered species  Water purification services  Recreation  3% of timber harvest  Sustainable yield and multiple use  Substitutes for tree products

38. Tropical Deforestation  Rapid and increasing  Loss of biodiversity  Cultural extinction  Unsustainable agriculture and ranching  Clearing for cash crop plantations  Commercial logging  Fuelwood

39. Degradation of Tropical Forests Fig. 23-22 p. 615

40. Reducing Tropical Deforestation  Identification of critical ecosystems  Reducing poverty and population growth  Sustainable tropical agriculture  Encourage protection of large tracts  Debt-for-nature swaps  Less destructive harvesting methods

41. The Fuelwood Crisis  Planting fast-growing fuelwood plants  Burning wood more efficiently  Switching to other fuels Fig. 23-25 p. 618

42. Managing and Sustaining National Parks  Most parks are too small to maintain biodiversity  Invasion by exotic species  Popularity a major problem  Traffic jams and air pollution  Visitor impact (noise)  Natural regulation  Better pay for park staff

43. Establishing, Designing, and Managing Nature Reserves  Include some moderate disturbance  Sustain natural ecological processes  Protect most important areas  Buffer zones  Gap analysis  Wilderness areas See Solutions p. 625

44. Ecological Restoration  Ecological restoration  Restoration ecology  Rehabilitation  Replacement  Creating artificial ecosystems  Natural restoration See Individuals Matter p. 630

45. Key Concepts Ch. 24  Economic and ecological importance  Effects of human activities  Protecting and sustaining aquatic diversity  Protecting and sustaining fisheries  Protecting and restoring wetlands

46. The Importance of Aquatic Biodiversity  Coral reefs  Estuaries  Deep ocean floor  Food items  Many chemicals  Medicines and drugs Fig. 24-2 p. 636

47. Human Impacts on Aquatic Biodiversity  Species loss and endangerment  Marine habitat loss and degradation  Freshwater habitat loss and degradation  Overfishing  Nonnative species  Pollution and global warming

48. Protecting and Sustaining Marine Biodiversity  Protect endangered and threatened species  Establish protected areas  Integrated coastal management  Regulating and preventing ocean pollution  Sustainable management of marine fisheries

49. Managing and Sustaining the World’s Marine Fisheries  Fishery regulations  Economic approaches  Bycatch reduction  Protected areas  Nonnative species  Consumer information  Aquaculture See Spotlight p. 650

50. Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Wetlands  Regulations  Mitigation banking  Land use planning  Wetlands restoration  Control of invasive species See Individuals Matter p. 652 Fig. 24-12 p. 653

51. Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Lakes  Pollution  Invasive species  Water levels  Cultural eutrophication Fig. 24-13 p. 655

52. Protecting, Sustaining, and Restoring Rivers  Pollution  Disruption of water flow  Loss of biodiversity Fig. 24-14 p. 656  Invasive species