1. 1 Chapter 8: ATOMIC ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS AND PERIODICITY

2. 2 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms Electrons in atoms are arranged as SHELLS (n) SUBSHELLS (l) ORBITALS (m l )

3. 3 Each orbital can be assigned no more than 2 electrons! This is tied to the existence of a 4th quantum number, the electron spin quantum number, m s. Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms

4. 4 Electron Spin Quantum Number, m s Can be proved experimentally that electron has a spin. Two spin directions are given by m s where m s = +1/2 and -1/2. Can be proved experimentally that electron has a spin. Two spin directions are given by m s where m s = +1/2 and -1/2.

5. 5 Electron Spin Quantum Number Diamagnetic : NOT attracted to a magnetic field Paramagnetic : substance is attracted to a magnetic field. Substance has unpaired electrons. Diamagnetic : NOT attracted to a magnetic field Paramagnetic : substance is attracted to a magnetic field. Substance has unpaired electrons.

6. 6 n ---> shell1, 2, 3, 4,... l ---> subshell0, 1, 2,... n - 1 m l ---> orbital -l... 0... +l m s ---> electron spin+1/2 and -1/2 n ---> shell1, 2, 3, 4,... l ---> subshell0, 1, 2,... n - 1 m l ---> orbital -l... 0... +l m s ---> electron spin+1/2 and -1/2 QUANTUMNUMBERSQUANTUMNUMBERS

7. 7 Pauli Exclusion Principle No two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers. That is, each electron in an atom has a unique address of quantum numbers.

8. 8 Electrons in Atoms When n = 1, then l = 0 this shell has a single orbital (1s) to which 2e- can be assigned. this shell has a single orbital (1s) to which 2e- can be assigned. When n = 2, then l = 0, 1 2s orbital 2e- 2s orbital 2e- three 2p orbitals6e- three 2p orbitals6e- TOTAL = 8e-

9. 9 Electrons in Atoms When n = 3, then l = 0, 1, 2 3s orbital 2e- 3s orbital 2e- three 3p orbitals6e- three 3p orbitals6e- five 3d orbitals10e- TOTAL = 18e- When n = 3, then l = 0, 1, 2 3s orbital 2e- 3s orbital 2e- three 3p orbitals6e- three 3p orbitals6e- five 3d orbitals10e- TOTAL = 18e-

10. 10 Electrons in Atoms When n = 4, then l = 0, 1, 2, 3 4s orbital 2e- 4s orbital 2e- three 4p orbitals6e- three 4p orbitals6e- five 4d orbitals10e- seven 4f orbitals14e- seven 4f orbitals14e- TOTAL = 32e- And many more!

11. 11

12. 12 Assigning Electrons to Atoms Electrons generally assigned to orbitals of successively higher energy.Electrons generally assigned to orbitals of successively higher energy. For H atoms, E = - C(1/n 2 ). E depends only on n.For H atoms, E = - C(1/n 2 ). E depends only on n. For many-electron atoms, energy depends on both n and l.For many-electron atoms, energy depends on both n and l. See Figure 8.5, page 295 and Screen 8. 7. See Figure 8.5, page 295 and Screen 8. 7. Electrons generally assigned to orbitals of successively higher energy.Electrons generally assigned to orbitals of successively higher energy. For H atoms, E = - C(1/n 2 ). E depends only on n.For H atoms, E = - C(1/n 2 ). E depends only on n. For many-electron atoms, energy depends on both n and l.For many-electron atoms, energy depends on both n and l. See Figure 8.5, page 295 and Screen 8. 7. See Figure 8.5, page 295 and Screen 8. 7.

13. 13 Assigning Electrons to Subshells In H atom all subshells of same n have same energy.In H atom all subshells of same n have same energy. In many-electron atom:In many-electron atom: a) subshells increase in energy as value of (n + l) increases. b) for subshells of same (n + l), the subshell with lower n is lower in energy. (n + l), the subshell with lower n is lower in energy.

14. 14 Electron Filling Order Figure 8.5

15. 15 Effective Nuclear Charge, Z* Z* is the nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons.Z* is the nuclear charge experienced by the outermost electrons. Explains why E(2s) < E(2p)Explains why E(2s) < E(2p) Z* increases across a period owing to incomplete shielding by inner electrons.Z* increases across a period owing to incomplete shielding by inner electrons. Estimate Z* by --> [ Z - (no. inner electrons) ]Estimate Z* by --> [ Z - (no. inner electrons) ] Charge felt by 2s e- in Li Z* = 3 - 2 = 1Charge felt by 2s e- in Li Z* = 3 - 2 = 1 Be Z* = 4 - 2 = 2Be Z* = 4 - 2 = 2 B Z* = 5 - 2 = 3and so on!B Z* = 5 - 2 = 3and so on!

16. 16 Effective Nuclear Charge Electron cloud for 1s electrons Figure 8.6

17. 17 Writing Atomic Electron Configurations 1 1 s value of n value of l no. of electrons spdf notation for H, atomic number = 1 Two ways of writing configs. One is called the spdf notation.

18. 18 Writing Atomic Electron Configurations Two ways of writing configs. Other is called the orbital box notation. One electron has n = 1, l = 0, m l = 0, m s = + 1/2 Other electron has n = 1, l = 0, m l = 0, m s = - 1/2

19. 19 See “Toolbox” for Electron Configuration tool.

20. 20 Effective Nuclear Charge, Z* AtomZ* Experienced by Electrons in Valence Orbitals Li+1.28 Be------- B+2.58 C+3.22 N+3.85 O+4.49 F+5.13 Increase in Z* across a period

21. 21 General Periodic Trends Atomic and ionic sizeAtomic and ionic size Ionization energyIonization energy Electron affinityElectron affinity Higher effective nuclear charge. Electrons held more tightly Smaller orbitals. Electrons held more tightly.

22. 22 Atomic Size Size goes UP on going down a group.Size goes UP on going down a group. Because electrons are added farther from the nucleus, there is less attraction.Because electrons are added farther from the nucleus, there is less attraction. Size goes DOWN on going across a period.Size goes DOWN on going across a period. Size goes UP on going down a group.Size goes UP on going down a group. Because electrons are added farther from the nucleus, there is less attraction.Because electrons are added farther from the nucleus, there is less attraction. Size goes DOWN on going across a period.Size goes DOWN on going across a period.

23. 23 Atomic Radii Figure 8.9

24. 24 Trends in Atomic Size See Figures 8.9 & 8.10

25. 25 Ion Sizes Does the size go up or down when losing an electron to form a cation? Does the size go up or down when losing an electron to form a cation?

26. 26 Ion Sizes CATIONS are SMALLER than the atoms from which they come.CATIONS are SMALLER than the atoms from which they come. The electron/proton attraction has gone UP and so size DECREASES.The electron/proton attraction has gone UP and so size DECREASES. Li,152 pm 3e and 3p Li +, 78 pm 2e and 3 p + Forming a cation.

27. 27 Ion Sizes Does the size go up or down when gaining an electron to form an anion?

28. 28 Ion Sizes ANIONS are LARGER than the atoms from which they come.ANIONS are LARGER than the atoms from which they come. The electron/proton attraction has gone DOWN and so size INCREASES.The electron/proton attraction has gone DOWN and so size INCREASES. Trends in ion sizes are the same as atom sizes.Trends in ion sizes are the same as atom sizes. Forming an anion. F, 71 pm 9e and 9p F -, 133 pm 10 e and 9 p -

29. 29 Trends in Ion Sizes Figure 8.13

30. 30 Redox Reactions Why do metals lose electrons in their reactions? Why does Mg form Mg 2+ ions and not Mg 3+ ? Why do nonmetals take on electrons? Why do metals lose electrons in their reactions? Why does Mg form Mg 2+ ions and not Mg 3+ ? Why do nonmetals take on electrons?

31. 31 Ionization Energy See Screen 8.12 IE = energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gas phase. Mg (g) + 738 kJ ---> Mg + (g) + e-

32. 32 Mg (g) + 735 kJ ---> Mg + (g) + e- Mg + (g) + 1451 kJ ---> Mg 2+ (g) + e- Mg 2+ (g) + 7733 kJ ---> Mg 3+ (g) + e- Energy cost is very high to dip into a shell of lower n. This is why ox. no. = Group no. Ionization Energy See Screen 8.12

33. 33 Trends in Ionization Energy

34. 34 Trends in Ionization Energy IE increases across a period because Z* increases.IE increases across a period because Z* increases. Metals lose electrons more easily than nonmetals.Metals lose electrons more easily than nonmetals. Metals are good reducing agents.Metals are good reducing agents. Nonmetals lose electrons with difficulty.Nonmetals lose electrons with difficulty.

35. 35 Trends in Ionization Energy IE decreases down a groupIE decreases down a group Because size increases.Because size increases. Reducing ability generally increases down the periodic table.Reducing ability generally increases down the periodic table. See reactions of Li, Na, KSee reactions of Li, Na, K

36. 36 Electron Affinity A few elements GAIN electrons to form anions. Electron affinity is the energy change when an electron is added: A(g) + e- ---> A - (g) E.A. = ∆E A(g) + e- ---> A - (g) E.A. = ∆E

37. 37 Electron Affinity of Oxygen ∆E is EXOthermic because O has an affinity for an e-. [He]      O atom EA = - 141 kJ + electron O [He]       - ion

38. 38 Electron Affinity of Nitrogen ∆E is zero for N - due to electron- electron repulsions. EA = 0 kJ [He]     Natom  [He]    N - ion  + electron

39. 39 Affinity for electron increases across a period (EA becomes more negative).Affinity for electron increases across a period (EA becomes more negative). Affinity decreases down a group (EA becomes less negative).Affinity decreases down a group (EA becomes less negative). Atom EA F-328 kJ Cl-349 kJ Br-325 kJ I-295 kJ Atom EA F-328 kJ Cl-349 kJ Br-325 kJ I-295 kJ Trends in Electron Affinity

40. 40 Trends in Electron Affinity