1. Today’s Presentation Piping Storage, Treatment, and Distribution Source

2. Water Sources and Collection

3. Developing sources of Surface Water Rainfall Catchments Ponds and Lakes Streams and Rivers Springs and Seeps

4. Rainfall Catchments Quality – Disinfection necessary Quantity – Seasonal Accessibility – In yards of users Reliability – Must rain; some maintenance required Cost – low

5. Ponds and Lakes Quality – good for large bodies of water, poor for small bodies of water Quantity – decrease during dry season Accessibility – intake needed, pumping and storage required Reliability – good; needs knowledge of maintenance, pumping, and treatment to operate Cost – high because of pumping and treatment

6. Ponds and Lakes Diagram

7. Streams and Rivers Quality – depends on elevation. The higher, the better. Quantity – Seasonal Accessibility – Needs intake Reliability – maintenance required Cost – treatment is expensive

8. Streams and Rivers Diagrams

11. Springs and Seeps Quality – good; must disinfect and protect the source Quantity – variable for gravity-driven springs (seasonal) Accessibility – storage needed; gravity flow makes delivery easier Reliability – Good for gravity flow Cost – Low, but will rise with the amount of piping needed.

12. Springs and Seeps Diagram

13. Dams Types of dams –Earth dam –Cast in place concrete –Concrete block Dependent on: –Available resources –Size of dam –Placement of dam

14. Dams Pros & Cons Earth dam –Cheep, local resources –Must be closely watched –Not entirely waterproof –Require spillway Cast in place concrete –Durable –Requires some skill –More expensive Concrete block –Durable –No formwork –More expensive –Not entirely waterproof

15. Piping Purpose: To move water from source to village Gravity feed

16. Configurations Buried: –Pros: Protected from elements (Sunlight, rockfall, Landslides) –Cons: Labor intensive and harder to maintain Open: –Pros: Easy to install and maintain –Cons: Susceptible to elements Suspended: –Used over gorges, streams, and bad terrain

17. Pressure in pipe Large elevation drops can cause high pressure in pipes –Certain pipes can withstand high pressure –Build structures to reduce pressure along pipeline

18. Kinds of Pipes PVC –Used for low-pressure stretches. Deteriorate with sunlight  usually buried Galvanized Iron –used for high-pressure stretches and in areas where pipes can’t be buried. Expensive

19. Kinds of Pipes HDPE –Can withstand high pressures, sunlight. Less expensive than GI. Local Materials –Bamboo Trunks Low pressure, inexpensive Deteriorate rapidly, difficult to connect.

20. Maintenance ? Need inspections and upgrades Install valves along length of pipe.

21. Water Treatment Effective Inexpensive User friendly Goals:

22. Water Treatment Options Centralized Treatment –Chlorination –Slow Sand Filtration –Solar Pasteurizers –Murunga Seeds Household Treatment –Storage –Solar Disinfection –Biosand

23. Chlorination Most familiar treatment method Concentrated solid is dangerous to transport and store, dilute liquid is too bulky in large quantities Production of Trihalomethanes Requires regular, trained maintenance and monitoring Can also be done on a small, individual scale

24. Chlorination Pot Chlorination –Requires bleach powder –Hung in well, refilled weekly –Doesn’t meet WHO standards –MIT is researching On-site production of dilute Cl by electrolysis –Requires energy! and more training, maintenance

25. Slow Sand Filtration Easy & cheap to construct Easy to clean – scrape off top layer of sand Expensive to test effectiveness –Using cheap pass/fail test, this will fail –More detailed results cost 20x more

26. Solar Pasteurizers Boils Water without Fuel –Very effective at disinfection –Reduces deforestation Higher Initial Cost Requires Sunlight & Warm Climate –Back up burner available Very Low Maintenance –Runs automatically –Long lifetime

27. Biological Flocculants Seeds from Moringaceae family trees, Tuna Cactus, Potato Starch… Often grow indigenously Multiple uses –Murunga plants provide food, oil, and firewood Not as well known or studied

28. Storage Storing water settles out particulates and kills microorganisms Very Easy to set up and maintain, Very Inexpensive Small scale, personal responsibility Should not use clay pots For best results there is a long lag time –2 weeks storage usually optimal

29. Solar Disinfection Small scale version of solar pasteurization Very small quantities Very easy, individual control Reliant on climate Time consuming

30. Biosand Biofilm forms on sand and is used to remove nutrients from the water Requires time for biofilm to form Low maintenance Needs more research –Successful in Nepal, problems in Sudan –Not sure why it failed in some locations

31. Water Treatment Summary There are many different methods available Many of these are simple and inexpensive Treatment can be done at almost any scale Unfortunately, often rely on pre-existence of some very specific features (climate, local plants, groundwater source)

32. Distribution in the Village

33. Hydraulic Ram Water required uphill from source Pump water uphill along supply system No electricity required

34. Example: Fleming Hydro-Ram A. Drive pipe B. Poppet valve C. Check valve D. Compression chamber

35. Water pumping process A. Drive pipe –Falling water enters the drive pipe at point A until a required volume is reached.

36. Water pumping process B. Poppet Valve –Water continues through the system until it reaches a poppet valve –Water escapes through the waste valve until the build-up of pressure seals the opening

37. Water pumping process C. Check Valve –Water forces open the one-way check valve because the other exit is sealed –Water passes the check valve and begins to compress the trapped air in the vertical compression chamber

38. Water pumping process D. Compression Chamber –Water pushes against the trapped air in the vertical compression chamber –The trapped air acts like a piston, forcing the water back down the compression chamber

39. Water pumping process E. Delivery Pipe –With the one-way check valve closed, the water enters the delivery pipe attached at (E) after it is forced out of the ram.

40. Water pumping process Cycle Repeats –A slight vacuum is formed when the check valve closes –The waste valve poppet drops open again, allowing water out of the valve. –Approximately 60 cycles occur per minute.

41. Design Requirements Head of water supply Size of the pump Flow rate to the pump Height of water discharge Vertical fall Vertical lift Rate of ram pulsation Length of pipe on intake and discharge

42. Output Range 1-inch ram = 700 – 1,800 gallons/day 1.5-inch ram = 700 – 3,000 gallons/day 2-inch ram = 700 – 4,000 gallons/day 3-inch ram = up to 16,000 gallons/day

43. Efficiency With a ratio of 1-foot drop to 10-foot lift, the pump delivers approximately 15 – 20% of the water it uses Practical only if need to pump water uphill

44. Delivery Methods: Centralized Location Advantages –One installation –Easy maintenance Disadvantages –Overdemand due to population growth –Reliance on one source

45. Delivery Methods: Distributed Location Advantages –More than one source –Easier to upgrade Disadvantages –Increased installation time and money –Higher maintenance