1. Advanced PCR Dave Palmer, Byotix, Inc.

2. Advanced PCR PCR of Plant Material Multiplex PCR Modifications to Standard PCR PCR Troubleshooting

3. Plant DNA Extraction Rapid 3-Step Extraction Method Freeze TPS 100 mM Tris pH 9.5 1 M KCl 10 mM EDTA Heat 95°C D. Thomson and R. Henry, 1995, Single-step protocol for preparation of plant tissue for analysis by PCR, BioTechniques, 19:394-400

4. How PCR works Cold Spring Harbor Animation PCR.EXE

5. Review: The structure of DNA HelixComplementary Base Pairing

6. Multiplex PCR: What PCR using several primer pairs SIMULTANEOUSLY Typically generates a product band for each primer pair

7. Multiplex PCR: Why Detect several genes at once eg. transgenic plant screen Internal controls VERY important Tells you how well the PCR reaction worked Reduces “false negatives”

8. Multiplex PCR: How Same as regular PCR Care in primer design Much greater chance of primer-dimers Annealing temperatures must be close Much greater chance of artifacts

9. A Typical PCR Reaction Component  l Sterile Water 38.0 10X PCR Buffer 5.0 MgCl2 (50mM) 2.5 dNTP’s (10mM each) 1.0 PrimerFWD (25 pmol/ul) 1.0 PrimerREV 1.0 DNA Polymerase 0.5 DNA Template 1.0 Total Volume 50.0

10. A Typical Multiplex PCR Reaction Component  l Sterile Water 34.0 10X PCR Buffer 5.0 MgCl2 (50mM) 2.5 dNTP’s (10mM each) 1.0 Primer1FWD 1.0 Primer1REV 1.0 Primer2FWD 1.0 Primer2REV 1.0 Primer3FWD 1.0 Primer3REV 1.0 DNA Polymerase 0.5 DNA Template 1.0 Total Volume 50.0

11. Multiplex PCR: Example Three primer pairs Effect, Marker, and Internal Control genes Control is smallest fragment, also brightest band Effect is largest fragment, faintest band Effect Gene Marker Gene Control Gene

12. Multiplex PCR: Example Three primer pairs Effect Gene Marker Gene Control Gene Which are transgenic?

13. Multiplex PCR Problem: If the control gene product is the BRIGHTEST in a set, then it’s very difficult to tell the difference between weak PCR reactions and nontransgenics. Solution: Redesign primers. Effect Gene? Marker Gene? Control Gene

14. Multiplex PCR: Example Three primer pairs Control, marker, and effect genes Control gene fragment is largest and (almost) faintest Effect gene is smallest and brightest Marker Gene Effect Gene Control Gene Primers

15. Multiplex PCR: Example Three primer pairs Marker Gene Effect Gene Which are transgenic? Control Gene Primers

16. Other Types of PCR Different templates Nested PCR RT-PCR Unusual protocols iPCR Real-time PCR

17. PCR Troubleshooting The effect of each component

18. PCR Reaction Components Water Buffer DNA template Primers Nucleotides Mg++ ions DNA Polymerase Extras

19. PCR Reaction Components WaterPurity Contamination Amplification Products

20. PCR Reaction Components BufferMust match polymerase Typically contain KCl and Tris Can vary over a slight range: Not much difference in range from 0.8 X to 2.0 X Primer efficiency reduced outside this range http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p06.html

21. PCR Reaction Components DNA template Amount of DNA present Less DNA means more cycles Complexity of DNA Eg. plasmid vs. whole genome Purity Interfering factors, eg. enzymes, salts Degradation PCR more forgiving of degraded DNA Contamination Amplification products Presence of “poisons” Eg. EDTA which scavenges Mg++

22. PCR Reaction Components PrimersAge Number of freeze-thaws Contamination Amount Can vary over a wide range (50X) 100-500 nM typical Too low: low amplification Too high: low amplification http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p05.html

23. PCR Reaction Components Nucleotides 20-400 uM works well Too much: can lead to mispriming and errors Too much: can scavenge Mg++ Too low: faint products Age Number of freeze-thaws Just 3-5 cycles is enough to make PCRs not work well Dilute in buffer (eg. 10mM Tris pH 8.0 to prevent acid hydrolysis) Contamination http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p13.html

24. PCR Reaction Components Mg++ ions Mg is an essential cofactor of DNA polymerase Amount can vary 0.5 to 3.5 uM suggested Too low: Taq won’t work Too high: mispriming http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p14.html

25. PCR Reaction Components Bottom Line: All components work over a wide range. Need to avoid contamination. Need to avoid contamination. Optimization by trial-and-error.

26. PCR Reaction Components DNA PolymeraseThermostable? Activity declines with time at 95C Matches buffer? Age Contamination Concentration: Typically 0.5 to 1.0 U/rxn http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p12.html

27. PCR Reaction Components Extras Proprietary or added by user Glycerol, DMSO Stabilize Taq, decrease secondary structure May help or hurt, depending on primers Typically already in the Taq stock BSA Frequently helps, doesn’t hurt Betaine Useful for GC-rich templates http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p16.html http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/~rcruicks/additives.html

28. PCR Cycling Parameters Denaturation Temp Annealing Temp Extension Temp Time Number of Cycles Reaction Volume “Odd” Protocols

29. PCR Cycling Parameters Denaturation Step Must balance DNA denaturation with Taq damage 95C for 30 - 60s typically is enough to denature DNA Taq loses activity at high temps: Half-life at 95C: 40 min Half-life at 97.5C: 5 min http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p08.html

30. PCR Cycling Parameters Annealing Step Most critical step Calculate based on Tm Often does not give expected results Trial-and-Error Almost always must be done anyway Too hot: no products Too cool: non-specific products Gradient thermocyclers very useful Typically only 20s needed for primers to anneal http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p08.html

31. PCR Cycling Parameters Extension Step Temperature typically 72C Reaction will also work well at 65C or other temps Time (in minutes) roughly equal to size of the largest product in kb Polymerase runs at 60bp/s under optimum conditions Final “long” extension step unnecessary http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p08.html http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p10.html

32. PCR Cycling Parameters Number of Cycles Number of source molecules: >100,000: 25-30 >10,000: 30-35 >1,000: 35-40 <50: 20-30 fb. nested PCR Do not run more than 40 Virtually no gain Extremely high chance of non- specific products Best optimized by trial-and- error http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p08.html

33. PCR Cycling Parameters Reaction VolumeDoesn’t affect PCR results as long as volume is within limits. Heated lid important. 5ul, 20ul, 100ul all work. Slightly higher yield with lower volumes. http://info.med.yale.edu/genetics/ward/tavi/p03.html

34. PCR Cycling Parameters “Odd” ProtocolsHot-Start PCR Taq is added last Touchdown PCR Annealing temp is progressively reduced

35. Adventures in PCR There’s a fly in my primer! The protocol that never worked.

36. “There’s A Fly In My Primer!” This happened when we were first developing PCR methods. Transgene-specific primers not available for testing. Needed primers to test DNA extraction protocol, multiplexing. Synthesized “NS”-series primers Pastrik, 2000 A “plant-specific primer set” suitable for potato amplification.

37. “There’s A Fly In My Primer!” First Experiment: DNA extraction and multiplexing Worked great! Second Experiment To confirm first results Great, but “ghost” bands in controls. No cause for alarm. Implemented contamination controls.

38. “There’s A Fly In My Primer!” Third Experiment To determine optimum number of cycles Contamination in controls, blamed on DNA on kimwipes. Contamination perfectly matched NS band. Four Experiment Clear NS bands in control lanes! Controls only H2O samples. “What the heck is going on?!”

39. “There’s A Fly In My Primer!” Fifth Experiment Designed to determine where in DNA extraction process the contamination was getting in Get leaf > Freeze leaf > Add TPS > Cook extract > Spin extract > Add DNA to PCR Tube Contamination was all across the board, including in UNOPENED PCR TUBES.

40. “There’s A Fly In My Primer!” Other Key Observations Another primer pair (PHY) failed to work during this period of time. One morning the freezer door was slightly open; didn’t shut properly. Primers were diluted in H2O (no preservative such as EDTA) NS primer pair binds to rDNA genes, common across many species (not just potato).

41. “There’s A Fly In My Primer!” SO... What Happened? One or more of the reagent tubes became contaminated. Likely primers. Contaminating organism was able to multiply a few cycles while the freezer door was open. Suspect contaminant was an oomycete fungus: has similar “NS” gene. Extraordinary sensitivity of PCR led to detection of the NS gene in the contaminating reagent!

42. “There’s A Fly In My Primer!” Moral of the Story: PCR is VERY sensitive! Contamination with template DNA can come from the most unlikely source!

43. The Protocol That Never Worked Early PCR method development We were setting up our PCR lab Method for DNA extraction and PCR supplied by lab in Holland Hey, it’s always best to use a protocol that works for someone else, right? Tried method: Total failure. No bands at all.

44. The Protocol That Never Worked Read about PCR troubleshooting. Changed Conditions More cycles. Less cycles. Hotter. Cooler. Known good primers. More Mg++. New nucleotides. New polymerase. All failed.

45. The Protocol That Never Worked Needed “Known Good” primers and DNA to properly test the PCR: Went down the road to USDA-Albany to borrow some known good template DNA. Had primers known to work on potato DNA synthesized. IT WORKED! So That Was A Hint: Must be something to do with DNA extraction Either not enough DNA, or some other problem...

46. The Protocol That Never Worked Immediately requested original paper that the DNA extraction protocol was based on. Learned a LOT from reading original paper! Authors examined effects of all sorts of conditions:  Freezing, temp, salt, EDTA, time, etc. Varying any condition by up to 50% didn’t substantially affect results.  Therefore we couldn’t have screwed up the extraction. Comment: “Addition of EDTA requires a compensatory increase in the concentration of MgCl2.”

47. The Protocol That Never Worked Quick Calculations: TPS buffer is 10 mM EDTA We added 1.0 ul of extract, therefore 10 nmol EDTA. The protocol called for 1.0 ul of 50 mM MgCl2, therefore 50 nmol Mg++. One EDTA molecule can bind two Mg++ ions. Therefore, the TPS buffer was immediately scavenging almost half of the Mg++ we were adding!!!!

48. The Protocol That Never Worked Quick Experiment: Run a Mg++ gradient. No amplification with 1.0, 1.5 ul MgCl2 Good amplification with 2.0 and 2.5 ul! The problem was all in the magnesium Actually, tried this earlier, but just happened not to try enough the first time... Never did determine why the Holland lab didn’t have problems.

49. The Protocol That Never Worked Moral of the Story: Just because a protocol works for someone else is NO GUARANTEE it will work for you!  Don’t expect things to work out the first time out.  Consider the troubleshooting to be a “learning process”; you’ll learn SO much MORE if things go wrong and you have to figure out why! It’s ALWAYS a good idea to go to the original source of the method!  In this case, it was the original scientific paper which had the key to the answer.

50. A Typical PCR Reaction Sterile Water 38.0 ul 10X PCR Buffer 5.0 ul MgCl2 (50mM) 2.5 ul dNTP’s (10mM each) 1.0 ul PrimerFWD (25 pmol/ul) 1.0 ul PrimerREV 1.0 ul DNA Polymerase 0.5 ul DNA Template 1.0 ul Total Volume 50.0 ul