1. Chapter 5 Development and Plasticity of the Brain

2. Development of the Brain Plasticity Nature versus Nurture Rapid development

3. Fig. 5-1, p. 122

4. Fig. 5-2, p. 123

5. Development of the Brain. The human central nervous system begins to form when the embryo is approximately 2 weeks old.

6. Fig. 5-3, p. 123

7. Development of the Brain The fluid-filled cavity becomes the central canal of the spinal cord and the four ventricles of the brain.

8. Development of the Brain At birth, the human brain weighs approximately 350 grams. By the first year. the brain weighs approximately 1000 grams. The adult brain weighs 1200-1400 grams.

9. Development of the Brain The development of neurons in the brain involves the following four processes: 1.Proliferation 2.Differentiation 3.Myelination 4.Synaptogenesis

10. Fig. 5-6, p. 127

11. Development of the Brain Neurogenesis?? Sperry’s (1954) research

12. Fig. 5-7, p. 127

13. Development of the Brain Neural Darwinism Neurotropin Apoptosis Nerve growth factor (NGF)

14. Development of the Brain Fetal alcohol syndrome Cocaine abuse Enriched versus impoverished environments

15. Fig. 5-10, p. 131

16. Fig. 5-11, p. 132

17. Fig. 5-12, p. 133

18. Plasticity After Brain Damage Survivors of brain damage show subtle to significant behavioral recovery. Some of the mechanisms of recovery include those similar to the mechanisms of brain development such as the new branching of axons and dendrites.

19. Plasticity After Brain Damage Possible causes of brain damage include: –Tumors –infections – exposure to toxic substances – degenerative diseases –closed head injuries.

20. Fig. 5-13, p. 138

21. Plasticity After Brain Damage A closed head injury A stroke or cerebrovascular accident –Ischemia –Hemorrhage –Edema-

22. How can we help? tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) Cooling the brain Cannabanoids

23. Fig. 5-14, p. 139

24. Plasticity After Brain Damage Diaschisis Axonal regrowth Collateral sprouts Gangliosides Progesterone

25. Fig. 5-16, p. 141

26. Fig. 5-17, p. 142

27. Plasticity After Brain Damage Ways the brain compensates for decreased input and to restores normal functioning include: Denervation supersensitivity Disuse supersensitivity

28. Plasticity After Brain Damage Phantom limb Deafferenated limbs