1. Environmental And Social Stress IB SL

2. Housing Provision of good quality housing is a major problem in LEDC’s. There are 4 main aspects to the management of housing stock: Quality of housing. Quantity of housing. Availability and affordability of housing. Housing tenure.

3. Problems Occur mainly in LEDC cities and problems inc: Access to water Adequate sanitation A reliable and safe water supply Adequate roofs Solid foundations Secure tenure

4. Transport (MEDC’s) Increased number of motor vehicles. Increased dependence on cars as public transport. Major concentration of economic activities in CBD’s. Inadequate provision of roads and parking. Frequent roadworks. Roads overwhelmed by traffic. Urban Sprawl=Longer journey times. Development of out-of-town retail/employment.

5. Transport (LEDC’s) Lower private car ownership. Less dependence on the car, but growing. Many cars are poorly maintained and are high polluters. Growing centralisation and development of CBD’s, increasing traffic in urban areas. Heavy reliance on affordable public transport. Shorter journeys but getting longer. Rapid growth resulting in enormous urban sprawl. Emergence of out-of-town developments as economic development occurs.

6. Managing Environmental Problems Vary over time as economic development progresses. The greatest concentration of environmental problems occurs in cities experiencing rapid growth. There is a limited availability of land. There are issues of pollution and industrial accidents.

7. Problems In ALL Cities Problems of water quality. Dereliction. Problems of air quality. Noise. Environmental health of population.

8. Inequalities And Social Problems Access to services for the underclass. Problems related to crime. Ethnic and religious divisions. Social and economic polarisation. Strikes related to various social issues.

9. Issues Of Crime Concentrated in the most urbanised, industrial areas. Exists mainly within the poorest working-class neighbourhoods. Fraud and sexual offences are most common within lower-density neighbourhoods with lots of open spaces and a limited police prescence.

10. Activity Using A2 Geography P231-234, answer the following… With reference to the Cycle Of Deprivation, describe the problems and explain the likely causes of deprivation in Elswick and Newcastle and other inner city areas of the UK.