1. Free for the Taking? Copyright and Fair Use in Online Instruction Laura Foley, Senior Instructional Editor Center for Distance and Independent Study University of Missouri

2. Copyright Violations— Not Just Students Plagiarism of text from other Web sites Use of images from other Web sites Use of material from textbook online (e.g., answers from teacher’s edition) Adaptation of material from textbook online (e.g., recorded passages from foreign language textbook)

3. Objectives Debunk common myths about copyright in online instruction, and explain the laws behind the facts Explain the provisions of copyright and fair use Explain how to obtain access to copyrighted materials Provide examples of how to obtain public domain, Creative Commons, or GNU Free Documentation License materials for instruction

4. Myth #1 “Anything posted online is fair game for me to use”

5. Myth #1—Busted The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA) states that the same copyrights that apply to analog works also apply to digital works.

6. The DMCA of 1998 Copyright holders can issue take-down orders to the online service provider (OSP) of anyone violating copyright Can issue take-down orders to individuals linking to material that infringes copyright

7. Myth #2 “I have the same freedom to use copyrighted material in an online course that I have in a face-to-face course”

8. Myth #2—Busted The Technology, Education and Copyright Harmonization (TEACH) Act of 2002 sets guidelines on how instructors can use copyrighted material in online instruction

9. The TEACH Act Which institutions qualify under the TEACH Act –Nonprofit, accredited academic institution –Some government entities –Must post copyright policy

10. The TEACH Act Nature of works covered –Nondramatic literary or musical works in their entirety –“Reasonable and limited portion" from dramatic works –Must be legally obtained –Must be integral to instruction –Use must be analogous to use in classroom

11. Analog material can be digitized for online delivery provided that –there is no existing digital version available –the work is password-protected Extends only to what would be displayed or performed in a face-to-face classroom The TEACH Act

12. Protecting copyrighted works from unauthorized dissemination –Must be password-protected –Must ensure students can access materials only during enrollment period –Must prevent students from distributing materials to others outside the course

13. What Is Copyright? Copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States (title 17, U. S. Code) to the authors of “original works of authorship,” including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. —U.S. Copyright Office

14. Rights of Copyright Holder The owner of copyright has the exclusive right to –Reproduce the work –Prepare derivative works –Distribute copies –Perform or display the work publicly

15. What Can Be Copyrighted? Original works of authorship fixed in a tangible form of expression. Literary works Musical works, including any accompanying words Dramatic works, including any accompanying music Pantomimes and choreographic works Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works Motion pictures and other audiovisual works Sound recordings Architectural works

16. 1)Works that can't be copyrighted 2)Works whose copyright has expired 3)Works made for hire by the federal government What Is in the Public Domain?

17. 1)Works that cannot be copyrighted: –Not in a tangible form –Titles or short phrases –Ideas, concepts, or procedures –Works that contain no original authorship and consist only of common information Caution: Titles and short phrases may be protected by trademark. Ideas may be protected by patent or trade-secret law.

18. What Is in the Public Domain? 2)Materials whose period of copyright has expired Any work published… –before 1923 –between 1923 and 1963 for which rights were not renewed –Between 1923 and 1989 without a copyright notice

19. What Is in the Public Domain? Digital Copyright Slider: http://librarycopyright.net/digitalslider/

20. What Is in the Public Domain? 3)Works made for hire by U.S. government –Does not apply to state or local governments –Does not apply to U.S. government–funded corporations –Logos and insignia are protected –Some materials found on.gov Web sites may be copyrighted; check the site’s copyright notice

21. What Is Fair Use? Limitation on U.S. copyright law that permits use of copyrighted work for –research –scholarship –commentary –criticism –parody

22. Four Factors of Fair Use 1)Purpose and character of the use 2)Nature of the copyrighted work 3)Amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole 4)Effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work

23. Fair Use and the Law Fair use determined subjectively, on a case-by-case basis; no hard-and-fast rules Claiming fair use is not a guarantee against legal action Review previous fair use cases for a better understanding of precedent

24. Permissions—Where to Start Is the material available through the library’s electronic resources? Can the material be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center?

25. Obtaining Permission Plan ahead. Select the work to be used Identify the copyright owner. Identify what rights you need. Negotiate whether payment is required. Get it in writing. Comply with requirements. Keep detailed records.

26. Requesting Permission When requesting permission, provide the following information: –Your name, address, telephone number, e-mail address –Your title, position, and institution –Date of your request –Title of the work to be used, with a description and citation of the work –Description of how the work is to be used, by whom, and for how long

27. Permissions—Special Considerations Release required for anyone portrayed in a photograph, video, or sound recording Permission required for use of student works (from parent or guardian if the student is a minor)

28. Permissions—When The Answer Is No Find alternative material Link to the material instead of posting it directly on the course Web site You may need to get creative!

29. Beyond Copyright Public domain Creative Commons GNU Free Documentation License

30. Public Domain USA.gov—directory of government agencies

31. Public Domain Search at http://usasearch.gov

32. Public Domain Usasearch.gov—search results

33. Public Domain Library of Congress Flickr page http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/library_of_congress/

34. Public Domain Project Gutenberg

35. Public Domain LibriVox

36. Creative Commons Copyright holders allow fewer restrictions on the use of their creative works –Attribution (by) –Attribution Non-commercial (by-nc) –Attribution Share-Alike (by-sa) –Attribution No Derivatives (by-nd) –Attribution Non-commercial Share-alike (by-nc-sa) –Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd)

37. Creative Commons Search CreativeCommons.org for text, images, audio, and video

38. Creative Commons MIT OpenCourseWare and Rice University Connexions

39. GNU Free Documentation License Created to support free documentation for GNU Project Now can be used for any work Rights –To copy –To redistribute –To modify (derivatives must be distributed under same license) –To sell commercially

40. Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects GNU Free Documentation License

41. Wikiversity GNU Free Documentation License

42. Citizendium GFDL and Creative Commons

43. All of the Above: Wikimedia Commons

48. Beyond Copyright—Pitfalls Material misrepresented as public domain, Creative Commons, or GFDL? –Check copyright policy or terms of use –Make a copy of the license

49. Beyond Copyright—Pitfalls Wikipedia articles—reliable? –Check against reliable sources –Check article references, external links –Read article’s history and discussion pages –Avoid articles with warnings

50. Beyond Copyright—Pitfalls Pseudonymous and anonymous contributors? –Click through to user’s profile to find real name –Contact the user –Decide whether material’s value outweighs discomfort with pseudonymous attribution

51. Resources Digital Copyright Slider http://librarycopyright.net/digitalslider/ http://librarycopyright.net/digitalslider/ U.S. Copyright Office http://www.copyright.gov http://www.copyright.gov Copyright Clearance Center http://www.copyright.com http://www.copyright.com North Carolina State University TEACH Act Toolkit http://www.provost.ncsu.edu/copyright/toolkit/ http://www.provost.ncsu.edu/copyright/toolkit/ Stanford Copyright & Fair Use Center http://fairuse.stanford.edu/index.html http://fairuse.stanford.edu/index.html USA.gov search http://usasearch.gov http://usasearch.gov Project Gutenberg http://www.gutenberg.org http://www.gutenberg.org LibriVox http://librivox.org http://librivox.org

52. Resources Creative Commons http://www.creativecommons.org http://www.creativecommons.org MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/home/home/index.htm http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/home/home/index.htm Rice University Connexions http://cnx.org http://cnx.org Gnu Free Documentation Licensing http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html Wikiversity http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/ http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/ Citizendium http://en.citizendium.org http://en.citizendium.org Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org http://commons.wikimedia.org

53. Contact Me Laura Foley foleyl@missouri.edu 136 Clark Hall Columbia, MO 65211 foleyl@missouri.edu