1. The 1990s 1. End of the Reagan/Thatcher era. Start of Clinton era in US. Thatcher removed but in 1992 Major unexpectedly wins again for the Tories. 2. Late 80s saw the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet system and of communism in the former Eastern Block. Great problems to follow in the former Yugoslavia. 3. Gradually the East turns towards the market economy model (China, India, etc), though Japan is no longer economically so successful. 4. Problems with the over dominance of Western Capitalism. In Africa and the thrid world debts to the West and World Bank escalate. 5. Aids becomes a world-wide problem particularly in Africa.

2. 90s Technology 1. The Internet Age. PCs become the norm and the traditional popular music industry is hit by Napster and world wide accessibility of music on the net. 1. The Internet Age. PCs become the norm and the traditional popular music industry is hit by Napster and world wide accessibility of music on the net. 2. Digital editing becomes a commonplace and anything and everything is achievable. Performers do not need to be able to play or sing. Everything can be adjusted in the mix. 2. Digital editing becomes a commonplace and anything and everything is achievable. Performers do not need to be able to play or sing. Everything can be adjusted in the mix. 3. The `liveness ’ of live is even more undermined. 3. The `liveness ’ of live is even more undermined.

3. 1990s Markets 1. Global entities are undermined. The majors loss their grip as the market generally slips 1. Global entities are undermined. The majors loss their grip as the market generally slips 2. A number one can sell as little as under a hundred thousand copies – and the numbers are always manipulated. 2. A number one can sell as little as under a hundred thousand copies – and the numbers are always manipulated. 3. US and UK markets drift apart as do other regions of the world. Less overlap of markets from a highpoint in 80s. 3. US and UK markets drift apart as do other regions of the world. Less overlap of markets from a highpoint in 80s.

4. 1990S Musical Developments Arrival of House Music and Hip Hop – taken up in the North at first around 1987 in the club scene. Arrival of House Music and Hip Hop – taken up in the North at first around 1987 in the club scene. Affordable digital sampling makes UK house possible Affordable digital sampling makes UK house possible Bounderies between DJs, artists, remixers and producers blurrs. The DJ as expert on making people dance moved into the recording studio Bounderies between DJs, artists, remixers and producers blurrs. The DJ as expert on making people dance moved into the recording studio The remix also allowed DJs to customise their performance – Paul Oakenfold, Norman Cook, etc The remix also allowed DJs to customise their performance – Paul Oakenfold, Norman Cook, etc

5. The Re-Mix - Basic remixing gives way to radical remixing – scrapping anything from the original and adding anything from any source. Concept of musical collage - Basic remixing gives way to radical remixing – scrapping anything from the original and adding anything from any source. Concept of musical collage - Record companies start to market remixes in many forms. Michael Jackson ’ s single `Jam ’ in 1991 came out in 24 different versions. - Record companies start to market remixes in many forms. Michael Jackson ’ s single `Jam ’ in 1991 came out in 24 different versions. - The DJ becomes a superstar - The DJ becomes a superstar

6. Ecstasy Arrived in UK around 1985 by 1988 it was big on the dance floors in UK clubs Arrived in UK around 1985 by 1988 it was big on the dance floors in UK clubs It went with the Acid House music of the time – the drug concentrates on the physical. Ecstasy gave permission to dance. No more being cool and in control It went with the Acid House music of the time – the drug concentrates on the physical. Ecstasy gave permission to dance. No more being cool and in control

7. 1990s Rave Scene Rave – massive illegal and covertly planned outdoor dance events were a feature of the period 1988-1994 Rave – massive illegal and covertly planned outdoor dance events were a feature of the period 1988-1994 1994 saw the passing of the Criminal Justice Act and the death kneel of the outside rave. However Bright ’ s Entertainments Act of 1990 started the decline 1994 saw the passing of the Criminal Justice Act and the death kneel of the outside rave. However Bright ’ s Entertainments Act of 1990 started the decline As rave moved back inside the music developed from House to Jungle with a much increased bpm. Harder and Faster drum ’ n ’ bass – 160bpm and more As rave moved back inside the music developed from House to Jungle with a much increased bpm. Harder and Faster drum ’ n ’ bass – 160bpm and more

8. Side Effects of Rave Scene White label 12-inchs that bypass the record industry White label 12-inchs that bypass the record industry After the Castlemorton Common, Avon Free Festival incident, raves are regualarly prevented by Police After the Castlemorton Common, Avon Free Festival incident, raves are regualarly prevented by Police Balearic Craze – attempt by British ravers in Ibiza to continue the fun after the holiday ’ s end Balearic Craze – attempt by British ravers in Ibiza to continue the fun after the holiday ’ s end Development of Trance and Ambient. To accompany and enhance the come down phase after clubbing and raving. Born in 1992/3 – Selected Ambient Works – Richard James. Development of Trance and Ambient. To accompany and enhance the come down phase after clubbing and raving. Born in 1992/3 – Selected Ambient Works – Richard James.

9. The Fight with Authority Cross-over between ravers and `crusty ’ subcultures Cross-over between ravers and `crusty ’ subcultures Spiral Tribe – sound system organisation of out-door ravers. Part of Free Party Movement Spiral Tribe – sound system organisation of out-door ravers. Part of Free Party Movement Travellers and Glastonbury. By end of 80s more than 40,000 new age travellers Travellers and Glastonbury. By end of 80s more than 40,000 new age travellers Crushed by 1994 but made `clubbing ’ acceptable and mainstream Crushed by 1994 but made `clubbing ’ acceptable and mainstream

10. 90s Case Studies 1.Spice Girls – the epitome of the Girl Band - but with attitude. Appealing to the wannabe generation. The 90s seen as the age of the manufactured band both girl and boy. The Spice Girls did it best. 1.Spice Girls – the epitome of the Girl Band - but with attitude. Appealing to the wannabe generation. The 90s seen as the age of the manufactured band both girl and boy. The Spice Girls did it best. 2.REM – the great exception – an old style guitar band with song forms and complex (incomprehensible!) lyrics. Never a market chose but nevertheless a worldwide success. Kept together since the 80s but have maintained a creative edge Appealing to an older generation. 2.REM – the great exception – an old style guitar band with song forms and complex (incomprehensible!) lyrics. Never a market chose but nevertheless a worldwide success. Kept together since the 80s but have maintained a creative edge Appealing to an older generation. 3.Bork. The artist with integrity embracing technology and the desire to be creative to do so in conjunction with others. 3.Bork. The artist with integrity embracing technology and the desire to be creative to do so in conjunction with others.