1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1
Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

2. Anatomy Describes the structures of the body: what they are made of
where they are located
associated structures

3. Physiology Is the study of: functions of anatomical structures
individual and cooperative functions

4. Specialties of Anatomy (1 of 3)
Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy examines large, visible structures:
surface anatomy:
exterior features
regional anatomy:
body areas

5. Specialties of Anatomy (2 of 3)
systemic anatomy:
groups of organs working together
developmental anatomy:
from egg (embryology) to maturity
clinical anatomy:
medical specialties

6. Specialties of Anatomy (3 of 3)
Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules:
cytology:
cells and their structures
cyt = cell
histology:
tissues and their structures

7. Specialties of Physiology
Cell physiology:
processes within and between cells
Special physiology:
functions of specific organs
Systemic physiology:
functions of an organ system
Pathological physiology:
effects of diseases

8. The Scientific Method: A powerful way of “knowing”.
Starts with a question or problem, based on observations of the natural world.
Propose a hypothesis, a possible answer that presents a reasonable explanation or solution.
Make a prediction that tests the hypothesis.
Design an experiment to see if the prediction is correct.
Example:
Problem: The computer cannot connect to the internet.
Hypothesis: The cable is faulty.
Prediction: If I use the cable from my roommate’s laptop, which is working, I should be able to connect.
Experiment: Connect the known good cable and try to connect.
(Using a cable that is known to be good and changing just that one thing while keeping the rest the same provides a “control”)

9. The Hierarchy of Structural Organization

10. Organizing a Muscle Protein molecules (chemical level)
Protein filaments (organelle level)
Muscle cells (cellular level)
Cardiac muscle tissue (tissue level)
Heart (organ level)

11. Mechanisms of Regulation
Autoregulation (intrinsic):
automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
Extrinsic regulation:
responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

12. Homeostasis

13. Homeostasis is controlled by feedback loops Example of negative feed back: blood glucose regulation

14. A positive feed back mechanism: blood clotting and wound healing

15. Integration means working together
Systems integration:
systems work together to maintain homeostasis

16. Anatomical Landmarks
Figure 1–6

17. Positional terms Anatomical position: Supine: Prone:
hands at sides, palms forward
Supine:
lying down, face up
Prone:
lying down, face down

18. Quadrants and Regions
4 abdominopelvic quadrants around umbilicus

19. 9 abdominopelvic regions
Figure 1–7b

20. Internal organs associated with abdominopelvic regions
Figure 1–7c

21. Which Direction? Lateral: Frontal: Anatomical direction: side view
front view
Anatomical direction:
refers to the patient’s left or right

22. Which Direction?

23. 3 Dimensions Plane: Section: a 3-dimensional axis
a slice parallel to a plane

24. 3 Dimensions

25. The Ventral Body Cavity
Coelom:
divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
The Ventral Body Cavity

26. Serous membranes
The pericardium

27. The 11 organ systems - Some structural associations
Integumentary - skin
Skeletal - bones, cartilage, joints
Muscular - skeletal cardiac and smooth
Nervous - central & peripheral, voluntary & involuntary
Endocrine - glands & hormones
Cardiovascular - blood, blood vessels & the heart
Lymphatic & Immune - lymph vessels, organs, tissues & cells
Respiratory - nasal structures, larynx, airways & lungs
Digestive - alimentary canal & accessory organs
Urinary - kidneys, ureters & urethra
Reproductive - gonads, accessory organs (primary and secondary structures)

28. The 11 organ systems - Some general functions
Integumentary - protection, water regulation, endocrine
Skeletal - protection, support, movement
Muscular - movement, transportation, heat
Nervous - communication & control, rapid to intermediate
Endocrine - communication & control, short to long term
Cardiovascular - transportation, thermal regulation, defenses, water
Lymphatic & Immune - water balance, absorption, immunity
Respiratory - gas exchange
Digestive - absorption, energy storage & production, filtration
Urinary - water & pH balance, blood pressure, toxin removal
Reproductive -makin’ babies!

29. Some main points: Scientific method
Hypothesis
Theory
law
Complementarity of structure and function
Hierarchy of structural organization
Atoms
Molecules
Compounds
Biochemical
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems (we organize them into distinct 11 systems)
Organisms
Populations
Homeostasis - the balancing act of living systems
Negative feedback
Positive feedback

30. Fin