1. Dr. Norris tries to explain the nervous system…. The OLLI Version

2. Anatomy (Construction) Physiology (Function)

3. CNS PNS OUT IN

4. CNSPNS Afferent (in coming) Efferent (out going)

5. Sensor Sensory input Motor output Integration Effector Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS)

6. Neuron

7. Cell body Axon Dendrites

8. Neuron Direction of signal

9. Neuron 3 types of Neurons

10. Sensory Neuron

11. Association Neuron

12. Motor Neuron

13. Sensor Sensory input Motor output Integration Effector Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS)

14. Nervous Systems

15. Nerve net A little more concentration

16. The vertebrate way

17. A Physiology (Function)

18. The Action Potential

19. Cell Membrane

20. Membrane with gates

21. Microelectrode Reference electrode Voltage recorder –70 mV Electrical potential across the membrane

22. OUTSIDE INSIDE + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Resting State Cell membrane neuron

23. Potassium channel Plasma membrane Na + Inactivation gate Activation gates Sodium channel K+K+ Resting State OUTSIDE INSIDE

24. Na + K+K+ Depolarization OUTSIDE INSIDE

25. Na + K+K+ Rising phase of the action potential OUTSIDE INSIDE

26. Na + K+K+ Falling phase of the action potential OUTSIDE INSIDE

27. An action potential is propagated

28. An action potential is generated as Na + flows inward across the membrane at one location. Na + Action potential Na + Action potential K+K+ The depolarization of the action potential spreads to the neighboring region of the membrane, re-initiating the action potential there. To the left of this region, the membrane is repolarizing as K + flows outward. K+K+ Na + Action potential K+K+ The depolarization-repolarization process is repeated in the next region of the membrane. In this way, local currents of ions across the plasma membrane cause the action potential to be propagated along the length of the axon. K+K+

29. The Action Potential

30. Vertebrate Neuron

31. Invertebrate Neuron – No myelin sheath

32. Cell body Schwann cell Depolarized region (node of Ranvier) Myelin sheath Axon Action potential propagation down the axon Saltatory conduction

33. VertebrateInvertebrate

34. Vertebrate Allows for very rapid transmission of action potential Saltatory conduction

35. Escape Neurons or Giant axons

36. Earthworm in cross-section Nerve cord

37. Earthworm nerve cord Giant escape axons

38. Myelinated neuron Schwann cells

39. Multiple sclerosis

40. Passing the signal on – The Synapse

42. Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter Presynaptic membrane Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel Ca 2+ Postsynaptic membrane Ligand-gated ion channels Synaptic cleft Action potential

43. Postsynaptic membrane Neuro- transmitter Ligand- gated ion channel Na + K+K+ Ca 2+

45. Major Neurotransmitters

46. Muscle Contraction

47. Ca 2+ Stopping the signal e.g., Cholinesterase (enzyme)

48. Playing with neurotransmitters

49. NeurotransmittersPrecursor

50. NeurotransmitterMimic

51. Adding a little extra

52. Playing with neurotransmitters

53. Cholinesterase Inhibition Pesticides

54. Transmission that doesn’t stop

56. PRECAUTIONS KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN IN CASE OF ACCIDENT CALL A DOCTOR MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED May be absorbed through skin. May be irritant to the eyes and skin. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Do not wear contaminated clothing until thoroughly washed. Wash thoroughly after handling. Keep away from food, feedstuffs and water supplies. PRECAUTIONS FOR MIXERS/LOADERS Mixers/loaders must wear: coveralls over a long-sleeved shirt and long pants chemical-resistant gloves chemical-resistant footwear and socks an air purifying respirator equipped with an -R or -P series filter a chemical-resistant apron PRECAUTIONS FOR APPLICATORS Do not apply with high-pressure handwand equipment. Applicators using ground application equipment with a closed cab must wear: a long-sleeved shirt and long pants chemical-resistant gloves when leaving cab for clean-up and repair (gloves must be removed and left outside when re-entering the cab) socks and shoes Applicators using ground application equipment with an open cab must wear: coveralls over a long-sleeved shirt and long pants chemical-resistant gloves socks and shoes Applicators using aerial application equipment must use enclosed cockpits and must wear: a long-sleeved shirt and long pants Dursban material safety sheet

57. PRECAUTIONS KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN IN CASE OF ACCIDENT CALL A DOCTOR MAY BE FATAL IF SWALLOWED May be absorbed through skin. May be irritant to the eyes and skin. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. Do not wear contaminated clothing until thoroughly washed. Wash thoroughly after handling. Keep away from food, feedstuffs and water supplies. PRECAUTIONS FOR MIXERS/LOADERS Mixers/loaders must wear: coveralls over a long-sleeved shirt and long pants chemical-resistant gloves chemical-resistant footwear and socks an air purifying respirator equipped with an -R or -P series filter a chemical-resistant apron PRECAUTIONS FOR APPLICATORS Do not apply with high-pressure handwand equipment. Applicators using ground application equipment with a closed cab must wear: a long-sleeved shirt and long pants chemical-resistant gloves when leaving cab for clean-up and repair (gloves must be removed and left outside when re-entering the cab) socks and shoes Applicators using ground application equipment with an open cab must wear: coveralls over a long-sleeved shirt and long pants chemical-resistant gloves socks and shoes Applicators using aerial application equipment must use enclosed cockpits and must wear: a long-sleeved shirt and long pants Dursban material safety sheet

58. Integration

59. Major Neurotransmitters Excitatory Inhibitory

60. Excitatory Inhibitory Stimulate action potential at site of application Inhibit action potential at site of application

61. An action potential is generated as Na + flows inward across the membrane at one location. Na + Action potential Na + Action potential K+K+ The depolarization of the action potential spreads to the neighboring region of the membrane, re-initiating the action potential there. To the left of this region, the membrane is repolarizing as K + flows outward. K+K+ Na + Action potential K+K+ The depolarization-repolarization process is repeated in the next region of the membrane. In this way, local currents of ions across the plasma membrane cause the action potential to be propagated along the length of the axon. K+K+ Inhibition Stronger stimulatory signals are needed to initiate action potential and keep it moving

62. Never this simple......

63. More like this.....

64. The big picture Excitatory Inhibitory

65. To fire or not to fire Axon hillock

66. All or nothing