1. Thermoregulation 60-65% of total energy expenditure lost as heat Transfer of heat from body conduction – transfer through direct contact convection – transfer through air flow radiation – heat given off as IR rays evaporation (1º) – assisted by heat of vaporization

4. Effects of exercise intensity on sweat rate

5. How much sweat evaporation is necessary to maintain thermoregulation at moderate intensity for 20 min? Metabolic efficiency is ~23% Evaporation of 1000 mL of sweat requires 580 kcal of energy Cycling at 2 L/min (= 10 kcal/min) for 20 min –Total energy expended = 20 min  10 kcal/min = 200 kcal –Total heat produced = 200 kcal  0.77 = 154 kcal –Total evaporation necessary = 154 kcal / 580 kcal/L = 0.27 L of sweat (Assumes no other heat loss from other mechanisms)

6. Effects of Exercise in Heat

7. Physiological responses to heat accumulation  EPI release –HR upward drift –  glycogen use surface blood flow is increased at expense to other tissues  blood volume –  cardiac efficiency (  SV,  HR)  fatigue (central)

8. Effect of Dehydration on HR

9. Dehydration and Performance

10. Fluid balance dehydration impairs endurance performance, –minimal effect on power and speed events  blood volume will  skin blood flow and heat dissipation thirst mechanism doesn’t keep up with dehydration need for water replacement > than electrolyte replacement

11. Maintaining fluid balance fluid intake during exercise will: –minimize dehydration –minimize rise in body temperature –reduce CV stress [CHO] > 6-8% slows absorption from gut

12. Sport Nutrition: Sport Drinks [CHO] affects fluid absorption rate in gut –Gatorade – 6% –Exceed – 7.2% –Coca-Cola – ~11% –Sprite – 10.2% –cranberry juice – 15% –orange juice – 11.8%

13. ACSM Fluid Replacement Recommendations Before exercise, drink: –~500 ml 2 hr before exercise During exercise, drink: –early and at regular intervals –to replace lost fluids (if tolerated) –over-hydration can result in hyponatremia After exercise, drink: –excess of that lost during exercise

14. Thermal distress wet-bulb temperature – single temperature reading to account for all atmospheric conditions heat cramps – least serious heat exhaustion – caused by insufficient blood flow heat stroke – failure of thermoregulatory system, is life threatening

15. Acclimatization to exercise in heat  body fluids/blood volume (w/in 3-5 d)  skin blood flow  rate of sweating (may take up to 10 d)  electrolyte loss  heat tolerance Achieving heat acclimatization normal workouts in heat for 5-10 d

16. Heat acclimatization

17. Suggested Readings (available at gssiweb.com under Sport Science Exchange) Murray, R. Fluid replacement: The American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. GSSE 9(4) SSE#53, 1996. Maughan, RJ and SM Shirreff. Preparing athletes for competition in the heat: developing an effective acclimatization strategy. GSSE 10(2) SSE#65, 1997. Murray, R, J Stofan, ER Eichner. Hyponatriemia in athletes. SSE 88, 16(1), 2003. Cheuvront,SN, MN Sawka. Hydration Assessment of Athletes SSE, 18(2), 2005. Bonci, L. Energy Drinks: Help, Harm, or Hype? SSE 84, 15(1), 2002.

18. The primary mode of heat dissipation during exercise is A.convection B.radiation C.conduction D.sweat evaporation

19. What likely is the primary cause of HR drift during moderate-intensity exercise in heat? A.  plasma volume leading to  SV B.  EPI release C.  temperature D.  sweating E.  body weight

20. Which of the following fluids would best maintain hydration during exercise in heat? A.water B.orange juice C.Coke D.Coke without carbonation E.fruit juice

21. Which of the following is an adaptation to repeated exercise in the heat? A.Earlier onset of sweating B.Increased sweat rate C.Decreased sweat Na + concentration D.Increased plasma volume E.All of the above are adaptations