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Lecture 5: Interaction and Navigation Dr. Xiangyu WANG Acknowledge the notes from Dr. Doug Bowman
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Universal interaction tasks –Navigation Travel – motor component Wayfinding – cognitive component –Selection –Manipulation –System control
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Selection & Manipulation –Selection: specifying one or more objects from a set –Manipulation: modifying object properties (position, orientation, scale, shape, color, texture, behavior, etc.)
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Selection performance –Variables affecting user performance Object distance from user Object size Density of objects in area Occluders
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Manipulation enhancements –Constraints –2-handed manipulation –Haptic feedback –Multi-modal manipulation
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Travel –the motor component of navigation –movement between 2 locations, setting the position (and orientation) of the user’s viewpoint –the most basic and common VE interaction technique, used in almost any large-scale VE
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You can travel techniques which do not address wayfinding, but the best travel techniques will integrate aids to wayfinding.
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Travel tasks –Exploration: thoughtless travel techniques –Search Naïve Primed –Maneuvering: short and precise movement, usually explicit travel techniques.
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“Natural” travel metaphors “Natural” travel metaphors: useful for training –Walking techniques –Treadmills –Bicycles –Other physical motion VMC / Magic carpet Disney’s river raft ride Simulation of flying
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Walking techniques
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Bicycles as Travel Technique Tang et al. 2007 (Virtual Bicycling Simulator project)
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Bicycles as Travel Technique Images from Virtual Environments Laboratory
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Treadmill as Travel Technique Mohler et al. 2004
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Magic Carpet as Travel Technique Magic carpet project
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Steering metaphor Target-based metaphor Route-planning metaphor Travel Techniques
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Steering metaphor: continuous specification of direction of motion –gaze-directed –pointing –physical device (steering wheel, flight stick)
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Travel Techniques Target-based metaphor –discrete specification of goal –point at object –choose from list –enter coordinates
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Map-based travel technique (a type of Target-based metaphor) –User represented by icon on 2D map – Drag icon with stylus to new location on map –When released, viewpoint animated smoothly to new location Travel Techniques
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Route-planning metaphor –one-time specification of path –place markers in world –move icon on map Travel Techniques
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Steering metaphor Target-based metaphor Route-planning metaphor Steering metaphor Target-based metaphor Route-planning metaphor the relative amount of control by the user increases the relative amount of control by the system increases
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Manipulation metaphor –manual manipulation of viewpoint –“camera in hand” Travel Techniques
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Design guidelines –Make simple travel tasks simple (target-based techniques for motion to an object, steering techniques for search). Provide multiple travel techniques to support different travel tasks in the same application. Travel Techniques
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Implementation issues for travel techniques –Velocity / acceleration control: Gestures, sliders, and speech control –World rotation –Constrained motion Constant height Terrain-following Travel Techniques
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