1. University of Pennsylvania Department of Bioengineering Aims: Blood Buffering W4A Blood Plasma Model: determine primary buffering system Primary Buffers: Bicarbonate (HCO 3 - ) Dihydrogen phosphate (H 2 PO 4 - ) Hemoglobin Create Surrogate Blood Solution Include three primary proteins Serum albumin Fibrinogen  -Globulins

2. University of Pennsylvania Department of Bioengineering Methods, Protocol & Equipment: Major Equipment: McMaster-Carr Ceramic Top Hot Plate/Stirrer Combination Fisher Scientific pH Meter Basic Procedures: Standardization of pH Meter Preparation of Burettes Preparation of Buffers Sodium Bicarbonate (1586mg/L) Sodium Phosphate (40mg/L) Hemoglobin (160mg/L) All three buffers + serum albumin (4g/100mL),  - Globulins (1g/100mL), Fibrinogen (3g/100mL) Four Titrations Titration Curve & Determination of Buffer Index

3. University of Pennsylvania Department of Bioengineering Proposed Results: SolutionpKa’sBuffer Capacity HCO 3 - H 2 PO 4 - Hemoglobin Blood Solution Establish titration curves and buffer capacity graphs The blood solution titration graph will have multiple ‘bumps’ Determine closest buffering capacity

4. University of Pennsylvania Department of Bioengineering Potential Pitfalls: Our blood solution compared to real blood Possible discrepancy in pH Isolated Atmospheric CO 2 levels

5. University of Pennsylvania Department of Bioengineering Materials and Budget & Justification: Buffers: bicarb pH = pK – [CO2]/[HCO3- phosphate pH = pK – [HPO4]/[H2PO4] Sodium Bicarbonate, 500g$23.17 Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Anhydrous, 500g$100.40 Hemoglobin: can reversibly bind H+ or O2 Bovine hemoglobin, 100g$67.00 Proteins: can reversibly bind H+ Bovine serum albumin, 1g$53.80 Gamma globulins bovine plasma, 10g$111.05 Bovine fibrinogen, 10g$112.20 Ceramic Top Hot Plate and Stirrer Combination $359.99 TOTAL$827.61