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STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Pertemuan 6

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1 STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Pertemuan 6
Matakuliah : L0014/Psikologi Umum Tahun : 2007 STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Pertemuan 6

2 CONSCIOUSNESS VS UNCONSCIOUSNESS
BINA NUSANTARA

3 CONSCIOUSNESS State of awareness
is a characteristic of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and one's environment There is more than one kind of conscious states and conscious awareness qualities BINA NUSANTARA

4 DIVIDED CONSCIOUSNESS
DAY DREAMS Period of thinking and feeling that is not bound by what is logical or likely to happen Sigmund Freud : daydreams reduced the tension left by our unfulfilled needs and wishes. While daydreaming, we can see all our needs, fantasies, etc. Pope & Singer, 1978 – research : many daydreams are filled with regret, sorrow and guilt, sexual. Day dreams maybe merely a slightly distorted reflection of our current concerns and emotions. DIVIDED CONSCIOUSNESS Ernest Hilgard, 1975, Stanford University, Psychologist The splitting of two conscious activities that occur simultaneously BINA NUSANTARA

5 UNCONSCIOUS MIND Mental processes that occur without conscious awareness Cocktail party phenomenon When you are in a room where more than one person is talking, most of the time we will pay attention to one voice and “tune out” the other voice BINA NUSANTARA

6 SLEEP AND DREAMS STAGES OF SLEEP REM SLEEP AND DREAMS
NON-REM SLEEP AND DREAMS CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND THE NEED FOR SLEEP NIGHTMARES AND OTHER SLEEP PHENOMENA SLEEP DISORDERS CONTENT OF DREAMS MEANING OF DREAMS BINA NUSANTARA

7 STAGES OF SLEEP Hypnagogic State Stages of Light and Deep Sleep
A relaxed state of dreamlike awareness between wakefulness and sleep Myoclonia : on some occasion, we are rudely snapped out of the peaceful hypnagogic state, then we suddenly feel as if we are falling and our bodies experience a sudden jerk. These jerk are caused by brief (and normal) seizure – like states of the brain as sleep commences Stages of Light and Deep Sleep 4 stages Measurement of electrical brain activity : electroencephalogram (EEG) Sleep is an almost constantly changing state BINA NUSANTARA

8 REM SLEEP AND DREAMS Dreaming REM : Rapid Eye Movement Autonomic Storm
Concious awareness during sleep that primarily occurs during REM REM : Rapid Eye Movement Kleitman & Aserinsky, 1952 : The subject brain activity looked more like he awake than asleep The phase of sleep that characterized by movement of the eyes under the lids; often accompanies dreams Autonomic Storm The autonomic nervous system and the other part of the pheriperal nervous system are very active during dreams, causing noticeable changes in many parts of the body Time spent dreaming Young adults have 30 – 40 REM dreams/week 2 hours of REM dreaming/night BINA NUSANTARA

9 NON-REM SLEEP AND DREAMS
Occurring during half of the other 4 – 6 hours that we sleep each night CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS Internally generated cycles lasting about 24 hours a day that regulate sleepiness and wakefulness, body temperatures and the secretion of some hormones Influenced to some extent by differences illumination during the day and night Jet lag and work shift BINA NUSANTARA

10 SLEEP DEPRIVATION We sleep less; 19 – 30 years old average 7 – 8 hours/night and elderly adults average just under 6 hours Sleep deprivation : (-) Mood (e.g. irritability), cognitive (mental task – e.g. logical reasoning, word memory), physical tasks (e.g. walking) (-) health, slow down body’s immune system BINA NUSANTARA

11 THE NEED FOR SLEEP Sleep and body restoration
Sleep recharges our run-down bodies and allow us to recover from physical and mental fatigue (Hess, 1965) Adenosien : cells consume energy. Adenosine accumulates, it inhibit brain circuits responsible for keeping us awake, thereby signaling the body to slow down because the energy has been burned Sleep as an evolved adaptation Sleep’s main purpose is to increase a species’ chances of survival in relation to its environmental demands (Webb, 1974) Evolved as a mechanism for conserving energy Sleep and memory consolidation A gradual process by which the brain transfers information in the long term memory (Smith et al.,1004, Winston, 1990) BINA NUSANTARA

12 SLEEP DISORDRES (1) Insomnia Narcolepsy REM-sleep behavior disorder
Chronic difficulty in falling asleep, staying asleep or experiencing restful sleep Frequent and persistent sleep troubles Medical conditions, mental disorders, drugs, stress, lifestyles, jet lag, etc Treatment : stimulus control – conditioning your body to associate stimuli in your sleep environment with sleep Narcolepsy Extreme daytime sleepiness and sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks that may last from less than a minute to an hour May experienced cataplexy a sudden loss of mucles tone often triggered by excitement and other strong emotion REM-sleep behavior disorder The loss of muscle tone that causes normal REM-sleep paralysis is absent BINA NUSANTARA

13 SLEEP DISORDRES (2) Sleepwalking Nightmare and Night Terrors
Waking and carrying on complicated activities during the deepest part of non-REM sleep Inherited, daytime stress, alcohol and certain illnesses and medication Treatments : psychotherapy, hypnosis, and awakening the children before the time they typically sleepwalk Nightmare and Night Terrors Nightmare : bad dreams Night terrors : frightening dreams that arouse the sleeper to a near – panic state Sleep talking Talking during any phase of the sleep cycle Sleep Apnea Repeatedly stop and restart breathing during sleep Stoppages usually last 20 – 40 seconds but can continue for 1 to 2 minutes Cause by obstruction in the upper airways BINA NUSANTARA

14 CONTENT OF DREAMS Images and characters of dreams
Most of the conscious experience in dreams is visual Black and white or color – in between Main character : the dreamer (75%), other character : friends, acquaintances, family member, or other people that you don’t know (50%), animal (4%) Mixture between man and woman Sweet dreams : the emotional content of dreams Most of the dreams contain positive emotions We forget our positive dreams (because the don’t wake us up) and are most likely to be aware of the negatively charged dreams that awaken us Creative and Bizarre Aspects of dreams BINA NUSANTARA

15 MEANING OF DREAMS Day residue and Stimulus incorporation
Day residue (Freud) : dream content that is similar to events in the person’s waking life Stimulus incorporation : stimuli occurring during sleep that are incorporated in dreams either directly or in altered form Dream Interpretation Dreams (Freud) : Royal road to unconscious  allow us to travel deep in the unconscious mind and view hidden conflict and motives cloaked only by the symbols of dreams Content of dreams (2) Manifest : the events that we experience in dreams (the symbols) Latent : the true meaning Train – tunnel : penis – vagina  woman conflicts about having sex BINA NUSANTARA

16 ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS (1)
Unusual and less familiar realms of conscious experience Occur during : meditation, drug use, an unusually intense sexual orgasm, a moment of religious conversion, etc The general characteristic : Distortions of perception Intense positive emotions Sense of unity Illogical Indescribable Transcendent Self-evidence reality BINA NUSANTARA

17 ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS (2)
Meditation Several methods of focusing concentration away from thoughts and feelings and generating a sense of relaxation Mindfulness The state of focusing conscious awareness completely on what is going on at the present moment Hypnosis The individual is highly relaxed and susceptible for suggestions Depersonalization The perceptual experience of one’s body or surroundings becoming distorted of unreal Astral projection : illusion that the mind has left the body BINA NUSANTARA

18 DRUGS AND ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS
Psychotropic drugs : the various classes of drugs, including stimulants, depressants and hallucinogens, that alter conscious experience 4 major categories : Depressants : reduce the activity of inhibitory centers of the central nervous system, leading to a sense of relaxation and lowered inhibitions Stimulants : drugs that increase the activity of the motivational centers and decrease action in inhibitory centers of the central nervous system, providing a sense of energy and well-being Inhalants : common household chemicals that are put to dangerous use when inhaled to produce feelings of intoxication Hallucinogens : produce dreamlike alterations in perceptual experience BINA NUSANTARA

19 DRUGS AND ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS
4 major categories : Depressants : reduce the activity of inhibitory centers of the central nervous system, leading to a sense of relaxation and lowered inhibitions Sedatives : in mild doses produce a state of calm relaxation narcotics Stimulants : drugs that increase the activity of the motivational centers and decrease action in inhibitory centers of the central nervous system, providing a sense of energy and well-being Amphetamines : produce a conscious sense of increase energy and euphoria Caffeine, nicotine Inhalants : common household chemicals that are put to dangerous use when inhaled to produce feelings of intoxication Hallucinogens : produce dreamlike alterations in perceptual experience LSD, PCP Others : Marijuana Act-like and designers Drugs ecstacy BINA NUSANTARA

20 DRUGS AND ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS Drug use : basic considerations
5 sets of factors influence the individual’s response to drugs Dose and purity Personal characteristic Expectations Social Situation Moods BINA NUSANTARA

21 DRUGS AND ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS Drug Abuse and Dependence
If its use causes physical or psychological harm to the individual Dependence Use psychoactive drugs find that they come to crave them intensely and suffer intense withdrawal symptoms when they do not take the drug 3 reasons : Sensitization of pleasure and reward systems in the brain Reduction of negative feelings Classical conditionings BINA NUSANTARA


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