1. 18.1 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Chapter 18 Dividend Policy

2. 18.2 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. After Studying Chapter 18, you should be able to: 1. Understand the dividend retention versus distribution dilemma faced by the firm. 2. Explain the Modigliani and Miller (M&M) argument that dividends are irrelevant. 3. Explain the counterarguments to M&M - that dividends do matter. 4. Identify and discuss the factors affecting a firm's dividend and retention of earnings policy. 5. Define, compare, and justify cash dividends, stock dividends, stock splits, and reverse stock splits. 6. Define “stock repurchase” and explain why (and how) a firm might repurchase stock. 7. Summarize the standard cash dividend payment procedures and critical dates. 8. Define and discuss dividend reinvestment plans (DRIPs).

3. 18.3 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Dividend Policy Passive Versus Active Dividend Policies Factors Influencing Dividend Policy Dividend Stability Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Stock Repurchase Administrative Considerations

4. 18.4 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Dividends as a Passive Residual The firm uses earnings plus the additional financing that the increased equity can support to finance any expected positive-NPV projects. Any unused earnings are paid out in the form of dividends. This describes a passive dividend policy. Can the payment of cash dividends affect shareholder wealth? If so, what dividend-payout ratio will maximize shareholder wealth?

5. 18.5 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Irrelevance of Dividends M&M contend that the effect of dividend payments on shareholder wealth is exactly offset by other means of financing. dilutionThe dividend plus the “new” stock price after dilution exactly equals the stock price prior to the dividend distribution. A. Current dividends versus retention of earnings

6. 18.6 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Irrelevance of Dividends M&M and the total-value principle ensures that the sum of market value plus current dividends of two firms identical in all respects other than dividend-payout ratios will be the same. Investors can “create” any dividend policy they desire by selling shares when the dividend payout is too low or buying shares when the dividend payout is excessive. B. Conservation of value

7. 18.7 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Relevance of Dividends Uncertainty surrounding future company profitability leads certain investors to prefer the certainty of current dividends. Investors prefer “large” dividends. Investors do not like to manufacture “homemade” dividends, but prefer the company to distribute them directly. A. Preference for dividends

8. 18.8 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Relevance of Dividends Capital gains taxes are deferred until the actual sale of stock. This creates a timing option. Capital gains are preferred to dividends, everything else equal. Thus, high dividend- yielding stocks should sell at a discount to generate a higher before-tax rate of return. Certain institutional investors pay no tax. B. Taxes on the investor

9. 18.9 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Relevance of Dividends Corporations can typically exclude 70% of dividend income from taxation. Thus, corporations generally prefer to receive dividends rather than capital gains. The result is clienteles of investors with different dividend preferences. In equilibrium, there will be the proper distribution of firms with differing dividend policies to exactly meet the needs of investors. Thus, dividend-payout decisions are irrelevant.Thus, dividend-payout decisions are irrelevant. B. Taxes on the investor (continued)

10. 18.10 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Other Dividend Issues Flotation costs Transaction costs and divisibility of securities Institutional restrictions Financial signaling

11. 18.11 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Empirical Testing of Dividend Policy Tax Effect Dividends are taxed more heavily than capital gains, so before-tax returns should be higher for high- dividend-paying firms. Empirical results are mixed – recently the evidence is largely consistent with dividend neutrality. Financial Signaling Expect that increases (decreases) in dividends lead to positive (negative) excess stock returns. Empirical results are consistent with these expectations.

12. 18.12 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Implications for Corporate Policy Establish a policy that will maximize shareholder wealth. Distribute excess funds to shareholders and stabilize the absolute amount of dividends if necessary (passive). Payouts greater than excess funds should occur only in an environment that has a net preference for dividends.

13. 18.13 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Implications for Corporate Policy There is a positive value associated with a modest dividend. Could be due to institutional restrictions or signaling effects. Dividends in excess of the passive policy does not appear to lead to share price improvement because of taxes and flotation costs.

14. 18.14 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Factors Influencing Dividend Policy Capital Impairment RuleCapital Impairment Rule – many states prohibit the payment of dividends if these dividends impair “capital” (usually either par value of common stock or par plus additional paid-in capital). Incorporation in some states (notably Delaware) allows a firm to use the “fair value,” rather than “book value,” of its assets when judging whether a dividend impairs “capital.” Legal Rules

15. 18.15 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Factors Influencing Dividend Policy Insolvency RuleInsolvency Rule – some states prohibit the payment of cash dividends if the company is insolvent under either a “fair market valuation” or “equitable” sense. Undue Retention of Earnings RuleUndue Retention of Earnings Rule – prohibits the undue retention of earnings in excess of the present and future investment needs of the firm. Legal Rules

16. 18.16 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Factors Influencing Dividend Policy Funding Needs of the Firm Liquidity Ability to Borrow Restrictions in Debt Contracts (protective covenants) Control Other Issues to Consider

17. 18.17 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Dividend Stability Stability – maintaining the position of the firm’s dividend payments in relation to a trend line. Dollars Per Share 3 4 2 1 Earnings per share Dividends per share Time 50% of earnings paid out as dividends

18. 18.18 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Dividend Stability Dividends begin at 50% of earnings, but are stable and increase only when supported by growth in earnings. Dollars Per Share 3 4 2 1 Earnings per share Dividends per share Time 50% dividend-payout rate with stability

19. 18.19 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Valuation of Dividend Stability Information contentInformation content – management may be able to affect the expectations of investors through the informational content of dividends. A stable dividend suggests that the company expects stable or growing dividends in the future. Current income desiresCurrent income desires – some investors who desire a specific periodic income will prefer a company with stable dividends to one with unstable dividends. Institutional considerationsInstitutional considerations – a stable dividend may permit certain institutional investors to buy the common stock as they meet the requirements to be placed on the organizations “approved list.”

20. 18.20 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Types of Dividends Extra dividend A nonrecurring dividend paid to shareholders in addition to the regular dividend. It is brought about by special circumstances. Regular Dividend The dividend that is normally expected to be paid by the firm.

21. 18.21 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Small-percentage stock dividends Typically less than 25% of previously outstanding common stock. How does this impact the shareholders’ equity accounts?Assume a company with 400,000 shares of $5 par common stock outstanding pays a 5% stock dividend. The pre-dividend market value is $40. How does this impact the shareholders’ equity accounts? Stock Dividend Stock Dividend – A payment of additional shares of stock to shareholders. Often used in place of or in addition to a cash dividend.

22. 18.22 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. B/S Changes for the Small- Percentage Stock Dividend $800,000 ($5 × 20,000 new shares) transferred (on paper) “out of” retained earnings. $100,000 transferred “into” common stock account. $700,000 ($800,000 - $100,000) transferred “into” additional paid-in-capital. “Total shareholders’ equity” remains unchanged at $10 million.

23. 18.23 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Small-Percentage Stock Dividends Before 5% Stock Dividend Common stock 400,000 shares$ 2,000,000 ($5 par; 400,000 shares)$ 2,000,000 Additional paid-in capital 1,000,000 Retained earnings 7,000,000 Total shareholders’ equity$10,000,000 After 5% Stock Dividend Common stock 420,000 shares$ 2,100,000 ($5 par; 420,000 shares)$ 2,100,000 Additional paid-in capital 1,700,000 Retained earnings 6,200,000 Total shareholders’ equity$10,000,000

24. 18.24 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Stock Dividends, EPS, and Total Earnings Assume that investor SP owns 10,000 shares and the firm earned $2.50 per share.Assume that investor SP owns 10,000 shares and the firm earned $2.50 per share. Total earnings = $2.50 × 10,000 = $25,000. 10,500 sharesAfter the 5% dividend, investor SP owns 10,500 shares and the same proportionate earnings of $25,000. $2.38 EPSEPS is then reduced to $2.38 per share because of the stock dividend ($25,000 / 10,500 shares = $2.38 EPS). After a small-percentage stock dividend, what happens to EPS and total earnings of individual investors?

25. 18.25 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Typically 20% or greater of previously outstanding common stock. The material effect on the market price per share causes the transaction to be accounted for differently. Reclassification is limited to the par value of additional shares rather than pre-stock-dividend value of additional shares. How does this impact the shareholders’ equity accounts?Assume a company with 400,000 shares of $5 par common stock outstanding pays a 100% stock dividend. The pre-stock-dividend market value per share is $40. How does this impact the shareholders’ equity accounts? Large-percentage stock dividends

26. 18.26 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. B/S Changes for the Large- Percentage Stock Dividend $2 million ($5 × 400,000 new shares) transferred (on paper) “out of” retained earnings. $2 million transferred “into” common stock account.

27. 18.27 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Large-Percentage Stock Dividends Before 100% Stock Dividend Common stock 400,000 shares$ 2,000,000 ($5 par; 400,000 shares)$ 2,000,000 Additional paid-in capital 1,000,000 Retained earnings 7,000,000 Total shareholders’ equity$10,000,000 After 100% Stock Dividend Common stock 800,000 shares$ 4,000,000 ($5 par; 800,000 shares)$ 4,000,000 Additional paid-in capital 1,000,000 Retained earnings 5,000,000 Total shareholders’ equity$10,000,000

28. 18.28 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Similar economic consequences as a 100% stock dividend. Primarily used to move the stock into a more popular trading range and increase share demand.Primarily used to move the stock into a more popular trading range and increase share demand. How does this impact the shareholders’ equity accounts?Assume a company with 400,000 shares of $5 par common stock splits 2-for-1. How does this impact the shareholders’ equity accounts? Stock Split Stock Split – An increase in the number of shares outstanding by reducing the par value of the stock.

29. 18.29 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Stock Splits Before 2-for-1 Stock Split Common stock 400,000 shares$ 2,000,000 ($5 par; 400,000 shares)$ 2,000,000 Additional paid-in capital 1,000,000 Retained earnings 7,000,000 Total shareholders’ equity$10,000,000 After 2-for-1 Stock Split Common stock 800,000 shares$ 2,000,000 ($2.50 par; 800,000 shares)$ 2,000,000 Additional paid-in capital 1,000,000 Retained earnings 7,000,000 Total shareholders’ equity$10,000,000

30. 18.30 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Value to Investors of Stock Dividends or Stock Splits Effect on investor total wealth Effect on investor psyche Effect on cash dividends More popular trading range Informational content

31. 18.31 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Stock Dividends and Stock Splits Used to move the stock into a more popular trading range and increase share demand. Usually signals negative information to the market upon its announcement (consistent with empirical evidence). How does this impact the shareholders’ equity accounts?Assume a company with 400,000 shares of $5 par common stock splits 1-for-4. How does this impact the shareholders’ equity accounts? Reverse Stock Split Reverse Stock Split – A stock split in which the number of shares outstanding is decreased.

32. 18.32 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Reverse Stock Splits Before 1-for-4 Stock Split Common stock 400,000 shares$ 2,000,000 ($5 par; 400,000 shares)$ 2,000,000 Additional paid-in capital 1,000,000 Retained earnings 7,000,000 Total shareholders’ equity$10,000,000 After 1-for-4 Stock Split Common stock 100,000 shares$ 2,000,000 ($20 par; 100,000 shares)$ 2,000,000 Additional paid-in capital 1,000,000 Retained earnings 7,000,000 Total shareholders’ equity$10,000,000

33. 18.33 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Stock Repurchase Reasons for stock repurchase: Available for management stock-option plans Available for the acquisition of other companies “Go private” by repurchasing all shares from outside stockholders To permanently retire the shares Stock Repurchase Stock Repurchase – The repurchase (buyback) of stock by the issuing firm, either in the open (secondary) market or by self-tender offer.

34. 18.34 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Methods of Repurchase Fixed-price self-tender offerFixed-price self-tender offer – An offer by a firm to repurchase some of its own shares, typically at a set price. Dutch auction self-tender offerDutch auction self-tender offer – A buyer (seller) seeks bids within a specified price range, usually for a large block of stock or bonds. After evaluating the range of bid prices received, the buyer (seller) accepts the lowest price that will allow it to acquire (dispose of) the entire block. Open-market purchaseOpen-market purchase – A company repurchases its stock through a brokerage house on the secondary market.

35. 18.35 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Repurchasing as Part of Dividend Policy Assume: Earnings after taxes $ 800,000 Number of common shares outstanding  400,000 Earnings per share $ 2 Current market price per share $ 31 Expected dividend per share $ 1 Expected total dividends to be paid out $ 400,000

36. 18.36 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Repurchasing as Part of Dividend Policy If dividend is paid, shareholders receive:If dividend is paid, shareholders receive: Expected dividend per share $ 1 Market price per share $ 30 Total value $ 31 If shares repurchased, shareholders receive:If shares repurchased, shareholders receive: Dividend per share $ 0 Market price per share* $ 31 Total value $ 31 Shares repurchased = $400,000 / $31 = 12,903 $30 Original P/E ratio = $30/$2 = 15 “New” EPS= $800,000 / 387,097= $2.07 “New” market price= $2.07 × 15= $31

37. 18.37 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Summary of Repurchasing as Part of Dividend Policy The capital gain arising from the repurchase (stock rising from $30 to $31) exactly equals the dividend ($1) that would have otherwise been paid. This result holds in the absence of taxes and transaction costs. To the taxable investor, capital gains (repurchases) are favored to dividend income as the tax on the capital gain is postponed until the actual sale of the common shares.

38. 18.38 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Summary of Repurchasing as Part of Dividend Policy Stock repurchases are most relevant for firms with large amounts of excess cash that might otherwise generate a significant taxable transaction to investors. Firms must be careful not to make regularly occurring repurchases or the IRS may consider the capital gains as dividends for tax purposes.

39. 18.39 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Investment or Financing Decision? Financing Decision It possesses capital structure or dividend policy motivations. For example, a repurchase immediately changes the debt-to-equity ratio (higher financial leverage). Investing Decision Not really, as stock that is repurchased is held as treasury stock and does not provide an expected return like other investments.

40. 18.40 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Possible Signaling Effect Repurchases have a positive signaling effect. For example, if the stock is undervalued management may tender for shares at a “premium.” This signals that the share prices are undervalued. Dutch-auction self-tenders have less signaling power likely due to a smaller tender premium. Open-market purchases have only a modest positive signaling effect likely due to many programs being instituted after significant share price declines.

41. 18.41 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Administrative Considerations: Procedural Aspects Record Date Record Date – The date, set by the board of directors when a dividend is declared, on which an investor must be a shareholder of record to be entitled to the upcoming dividend. The board of directors met on May 8 th to declare a dividend payable to shareholders on June 15 th to the shareholders of record on May 31 st. May 8May 29 May 31 June 15

42. 18.42 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Administrative Considerations: Procedural Aspects Ex-dividend Date Ex-dividend Date – The first date on which a stock purchaser is no longer entitled to the recently declared dividend. settle The buyer and seller of the shares have several days to settle (pay for the shares or deliver the shares). The brokerage industry has a rule that new shareholders are entitled to dividends only if they purchase the stock at least two business days prior to the record date. May 8 May 29 May 31June 15

43. 18.43 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Administrative Considerations: Procedural Aspects Declaration Date Declaration Date – The date that the board of directors announces the amount and date of the next dividend. Payment Date Payment Date – The date when the corporation actually pays the declared dividend. May 8 May 29May 31 June 15

44. 18.44 Van Horne and Wachowicz, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 13th edition. © Pearson Education Limited 2009. Created by Gregory Kuhlemeyer. Dividend Reinvestment Plans The firm can use existing stock. A trustee (e.g., a bank) purchases the stock on the open market and credits current shareholders with the new shares. The firm can issue new stock. This method raises “new” funds for the firm. The plan essentially reduces the effective dividend-payout ratio. Some plans offer discounts and eliminate brokerage costs for current shareholders. Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP) Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP) – An optional plan allowing shareholders to automatically reinvest dividend payments in additional shares of the company’s stock.