1. BLUETOOTH LINK PERFORMANCE WITH CRC MEASUREMENT CS 215 CLASS PROJECT by Lingtao Cao Wenfei Feng Howie Yu March 22, 2001

2. OVERVIEW Introduction Problem Statement and Scope of Work Bluetooth Error Correction CRC Calculation Algorithm Glomosim CRC Implementation Simulation Summary Future work

3. INTRODUCTION Wireless Technology Low cost low power no line of sight Data/Voice, Personal ad hoc networks wide industry support Piconet and scatternet

4. PROBLEM AND SCOPE OF WORK PROBLEM STATEMENT –Relatively new technology, Lots of research needs to be done –Bluetooth Link Performance and Modeling Link performance parameters –PDP (packet dropping probability) –PEP (packet error probability) Bluetooth Error Detection and Correction –Present Simulator (Glomosim) does not enable error detection and correction

5. PROBLEM AND SCOPE OF WORK SCOPE OF WORK –Study Bluetooth Specification –Error Correction Techniques and Algorithms –Familiarize Glomosim –Implement CRC Error detection and Correction in Glomosim –Run Simulation and Study the Link Performance

6. BLUETOOTH ERROR CORRECTION BLUETOOTH PACKET FORMAT

7. PAYLOAD FORMAT Component: –payload header –payload body –CRC code

8. BLUETOOTH PACKET TYPE AND ERROR CORRECTION REQUIREMENT SUMMARY 1

9. BLUETOOTH PACKET TYPE AND ERROR CORRECTION REQUIREMENT SUMMARY 2

10. ERROR CORRETION IN BLUETOOTH 1/3 Rate FEC 2/3 Rate FEC CRC-ARQ Scheme

11. CRC CALCULATION ALGORITHM GENERAL ERROR CORRETION TECHNIQUES –GOAL Enable the receiver of a message transmitted through a noisy (error- introducing) channel to determine whether the message has been corrupted. –HOW Transmitter constructs a value (called a checksum) that is a function of the message, and appends it to the message. The receiver can then use the same function to calculate the checksum of the received message and compare it with the appended checksum to see if the message was correctly received. –COMPLEXITY Increase CRC bits would strengthen CRC checksum

12. CRC CALCULATION ALGORITHM –FUNCTION WIDTH: A register width wide enough to provide a low a-priori probability of failure (e.g. 32-bits gives a 1/2^32 chance of failure) CHAOS: A formula that gives each input byte the potential to change any number of bits in the register. –BASIC IDEA treat the message as an enormous binary number, to divide it by another fixed binary number, and to make the remainder from this division the checksum. Upon receipt of the message, the receiver can perform the same division and compare the remainder with the "checksum" (transmitted remainder).

13. Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Purpose: calculate R (CRC bits) to detect “error” (e.g., flipped bits) in transmitted segment Parameters: –G: 1 + the upper 8 bits of the physical address of the master –D: data bits to be sent (payload, header) –r: number of CRC bits (16 bits for payload, 8 bits for HEC)

14. CRC Example Want: D. 2^r XOR R = G equivalently: D. 2^r = G XOR R equivalently: if we divide D. 2r by G, want reminder R R = remainder[ ] D. 2^r G

15. IMPLEMENT CRC ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION IN GLOMOSIM FLOW CHART AT SENDER

16. FLOW CHART AT RECEIVER

17. SIMULATION SIMULATION PARAMETERS –Number of Piconets = 1, 2, 3, 4 –Number of Nodes = 8, 16, 24, 32 –Simulation Time = 60 s –Source rate = 0.08 s –Channel Noise Figure = { 10.0, 5.0, 0.0}

18. SIMULATION

19. Analysis of Results Execution without CRC Influence of CRC Checking Execution with CRC –Stability of the simulation environment noise factors (radio and propagation ambient) bandwidths (30, 185, 340) –Time effects with the increasing number of nodes/Piconets –Tradeoff between time consuming and error detection –It is feasible to add the CRC checking into the simulation when handling relative large number of nodes/Piconets

20. SUMMARY Error detection and correction will generally help to increase Bluetooth link performance For light and uncrowded traffic, CRC does not improve the performance by much Link performance decrease with increased source access rate even with CRC correction

21. FUTURE WORK Increase the number of Piconets and total number of nodes Implement FEC encoding and decoding in Glomosim Implement 3-State Model in Glomosim