1. Processes Part 1

2. Processes Historical processes which have left their mark on the languages Complete Incomplete

3. Processes Historical processes which have left their mark on the languages Complete –Consonant Singling: ladder latter written running follow –Initial kn and gn: know, knee, gnat

4. Processes Historical processes which have left their mark on the languages Complete Incomplete –FOOT-STRUT Split : butch, put, much, stuff, love, country cushion, discussion – BATH-TRAP Split: bath, math pass, mass “Incomplete” but FINISHED!

5. Wells Chapter 3 Middle English Wells 3.2 British prestige innovations Wells 3.3 Some American innvoations Wells 3.4 Later British innvoations 1400 1600 "The Great Divide" Wells 3.1 Residualisms

6. Wells 1.3. Residualisms residue: remains, leavings, leyfar, eftirstöðvar processes which are completed in most dialects, but have not have occurred in all

7. Wells: Residualisms Great Vowel Shift NG Coalescence Velar Fricative Long Mid Mergers Fleece Merger

8. 3.1.1.Great Vowel Shift

10. tide sweet clean name house moon stone

11. tíd swét clæn nama hús móna stán ´

12. tide sweet clean name house moon stone

13. tide sweet clean name house moon stone

14. Effects of GVS 1.Spelling: relation of “long” and “short” vowels bit – bite, rat – rate, pen – green, rod – rode, cut - cute 2.Some words waver: privacy, patriot, lever 3.Morphology: divine, divinity, serene, serenity profane, profanity, nation national Trisyllabic Shortening: stressed long vowel→ short /_CVCV 4.Various other relationships such as bite-bitten, divide-division, keep-kept 5.Dialectally: difference between GVS North and South

15. Great Vowel Shift: South

16. Great Vowel Shift: North

17. also called “G Deletion” Not in Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool Hypercorrections: loss in finger, longer Generalised NG coalescence in parts of Scotland and Ulster Variably generalised in certain words elsewhere: English, language etc Orangutan?

20. right eight brought daughter through < riht eahta broht dohtor þurh borough Edinburh, cough rough laugh Sometimes causes lengthening Some retension in Traditional-dialect; but the local accent with the standard form usually exists.

22. http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/87/VARS/LongMidMergers.html

28. tide sweet clean name

29. tide sweet clean name

30. Click for Processes Part 2